fix: support UTF-8 encoding in inline Web Workers (fixes #12117)

[Simolation]

Description

fixes #12117

This PR solves issue #12117, where inline Web Workers lose UTF-8 characters due to the atob function, which only supports ASCII. See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Base64

The bug can be seen in this reproduction repo: https://stackblitz.com/edit/vitejs-vite-tyt9yp

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What is the purpose of this pull request?

• Bug fix
• New Feature
• Documentation update
• Other

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• Read the Contributing Guidelines.
• Read the Pull Request Guidelines and follow the PR Title Convention.
• Check that there isn't already a PR that solves the problem the same way to avoid creating a duplicate.
• Provide a description in this PR that addresses what the PR is solving, or reference the issue that it solves (e.g. fixes #123).

[jh0ker]

Thank you, this fixed my problem at least :)

[sapphi-red]

Thank you for the PR!
Would you resolve conflicts and add a test for this somewhere inside playground/worker?

[sapphi-red]

Note for reviewers: Uint8Array is supported by all browsers that supports Blob constructors. So the browser compat is fine.
https://caniuse.com/typedarrays
https://caniuse.com/blobbuilder

[xiaohk]

Thanks @Simolation! I think I face the same issue. How can I use your fix?

[sapphi-red]

@xiaohk This PR needs the conflicts to be resolved and a test to be added. You can help this PR to be merged by contributing these changes.
Also you can use https://pnpm.io/cli/patch or https://www.npmjs.com/package/patch-package to patch your local Vite.

[xiaohk]

Hmm encountered the same error again 😭

[xiaohk]

I'd love to help. It seems I can't make changes to this PR, so I created a new PR #15866. @sapphi-red can you help review it please? Thank you!!