feat(eslint-plugin): [no-unused-vars] align catch behavior to ESLint 9

[JoshuaKGoldberg]

BREAKING CHANGE:
Changes the default behavior of a rule.

PR Checklist

• Addresses an existing open issue: fixes Enhancement: [no-unused-vars] Update for ESLint 9 defaults #8967
• That issue was marked as accepting prs
• Steps in Contributing were taken

Overview

Roughly applies the same changes from eslint/eslint#17932 and eslint/eslint#18043.

💖

[typescript-eslint]

Thanks for the PR, @JoshuaKGoldberg!

typescript-eslint is a 100% community driven project, and we are incredibly grateful that you are contributing to that community.

The core maintainers work on this in their personal time, so please understand that it may not be possible for them to review your work immediately.

Thanks again!

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✅ Successfully ran 31 targets

• nx test eslint-plugin --coverage=false
• nx test eslint-plugin
• nx test type-utils --coverage=false
• nx run types:build
• nx test utils --coverage=false
• nx test visitor-keys --coverage=false
• nx run repo-tools:postinstall-script
• nx test typescript-eslint --coverage=false
• nx test repo-tools --coverage=false
• nx test scope-manager --coverage=false
• nx test typescript-estree --coverage=false
• nx test rule-schema-to-typescript-types --coverage=false
• nx test parser --coverage=false
• nx run-many --target=build --parallel --exclude=website --exclude=website-eslint
• nx test ast-spec --coverage=false
• nx test eslint-plugin-internal --coverage=false
• nx run-many --target=lint --parallel --exclude eslint-plugin
• nx test visitor-keys
• nx test type-utils
• nx test utils
• nx test typescript-eslint
• nx test rule-schema-to-typescript-types
• nx test typescript-estree
• nx test scope-manager
• nx test parser
• nx test repo-tools
• nx test eslint-plugin-internal
• nx test ast-spec
• nx run-many --target=typecheck --parallel
• nx run repo-tools:generate-configs
• nx run integration-tests:test

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