Add error code for mutable covariant override (#16399)

Fixes #3208

Interestingly, we already prohibit this when the override is a mutable
property (goes through `FuncDef`-related code), and in multiple
inheritance. The logic there is not very principled, but I just left a
TODO instead of extending the scope of this PR.

docs/source/error_code_list2.rst

@@ -482,6 +482,37 @@ Example:
         def g(self, y: int) -> None:
             pass
 
+.. _code-mutable-override:
+
+Check that overrides of mutable attributes are safe
+---------------------------------------------------
+
+This will enable the check for unsafe overrides of mutable attributes. For
+historical reasons, and because this is a relatively common pattern in Python,
+this check is not enabled by default. The example below is unsafe, and will be
+flagged when this error code is enabled:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from typing import Any
+
+    class C:
+        x: float
+        y: float
+        z: float
+
+    class D(C):
+        x: int  # Error: Covariant override of a mutable attribute
+                # (base class "C" defined the type as "float",
+                # expression has type "int")  [mutable-override]
+        y: float  # OK
+        z: Any  # OK
+
+    def f(c: C) -> None:
+        c.x = 1.1
+    d = D()
+    f(d)
+    d.x >> 1  # This will crash at runtime, because d.x is now float, not an int
 
 .. _code-unimported-reveal:
 

mypy/checker.py

@@ -2041,7 +2041,6 @@ def check_method_override_for_base_with_name(
                 pass
             elif isinstance(original_type, FunctionLike) and isinstance(typ, FunctionLike):
                 # Check that the types are compatible.
-                # TODO overloaded signatures
                 self.check_override(
                     typ,
                     original_type,
@@ -2056,7 +2055,6 @@ def check_method_override_for_base_with_name(
                 # Assume invariance for a non-callable attribute here. Note
                 # that this doesn't affect read-only properties which can have
                 # covariant overrides.
-                #
                 pass
             elif (
                 original_node
@@ -2636,6 +2634,9 @@ class C(B, A[int]): ...  # this is unsafe because...
         first_type = get_proper_type(self.determine_type_of_member(first))
         second_type = get_proper_type(self.determine_type_of_member(second))
 
+        # TODO: use more principled logic to decide is_subtype() vs is_equivalent().
+        # We should rely on mutability of superclass node, not on types being Callable.
+
         # start with the special case that Instance can be a subtype of FunctionLike
         call = None
         if isinstance(first_type, Instance):
@@ -3211,14 +3212,28 @@ def check_compatibility_super(
                 if base_static and compare_static:
                     lvalue_node.is_staticmethod = True
 
-            return self.check_subtype(
+            ok = self.check_subtype(
                 compare_type,
                 base_type,
                 rvalue,
                 message_registry.INCOMPATIBLE_TYPES_IN_ASSIGNMENT,
                 "expression has type",
                 f'base class "{base.name}" defined the type as',
             )
+            if (
+                ok
+                and codes.MUTABLE_OVERRIDE in self.options.enabled_error_codes
+                and self.is_writable_attribute(base_node)
+            ):
+                ok = self.check_subtype(
+                    base_type,
+                    compare_type,
+                    rvalue,
+                    message_registry.COVARIANT_OVERRIDE_OF_MUTABLE_ATTRIBUTE,
+                    f'base class "{base.name}" defined the type as',
+                    "expression has type",
+                )
+            return ok
         return True
 
     def lvalue_type_from_base(

mypy/errorcodes.py

@@ -255,6 +255,12 @@ def __hash__(self) -> int:
     "General",
     default_enabled=False,
 )
+MUTABLE_OVERRIDE: Final[ErrorCode] = ErrorCode(
+    "mutable-override",
+    "Reject covariant overrides for mutable attributes",
+    "General",
+    default_enabled=False,
+)
 
 
 # Syntax errors are often blocking.

mypy/message_registry.py

@@ -63,6 +63,9 @@ def with_additional_msg(self, info: str) -> ErrorMessage:
 INCOMPATIBLE_TYPES_IN_ASSIGNMENT: Final = ErrorMessage(
     "Incompatible types in assignment", code=codes.ASSIGNMENT
 )
+COVARIANT_OVERRIDE_OF_MUTABLE_ATTRIBUTE: Final = ErrorMessage(
+    "Covariant override of a mutable attribute", code=codes.MUTABLE_OVERRIDE
+)
 INCOMPATIBLE_TYPES_IN_AWAIT: Final = ErrorMessage('Incompatible types in "await"')
 INCOMPATIBLE_REDEFINITION: Final = ErrorMessage("Incompatible redefinition")
 INCOMPATIBLE_TYPES_IN_ASYNC_WITH_AENTER: Final = (

test-data/unit/check-errorcodes.test

@@ -1148,3 +1148,35 @@ main:3: note: Revealed local types are:
 main:3: note:     x: builtins.int
 main:3: error: Name "reveal_locals" is not defined  [unimported-reveal]
 [builtins fixtures/isinstancelist.pyi]
+
+[case testCovariantMutableOverride]
+# flags: --enable-error-code=mutable-override
+from typing import Any
+
+class C:
+    x: float
+    y: float
+    z: float
+    w: Any
+    @property
+    def foo(self) -> float: ...
+    @property
+    def bar(self) -> float: ...
+    @bar.setter
+    def bar(self, val: float) -> None: ...
+    baz: float
+    bad1: float
+    bad2: float
+class D(C):
+    x: int  # E: Covariant override of a mutable attribute (base class "C" defined the type as "float", expression has type "int")  [mutable-override]
+    y: float
+    z: Any
+    w: float
+    foo: int
+    bar: int  # E: Covariant override of a mutable attribute (base class "C" defined the type as "float", expression has type "int")  [mutable-override]
+    def one(self) -> None:
+        self.baz = 5
+    bad1 = 5  # E: Covariant override of a mutable attribute (base class "C" defined the type as "float", expression has type "int")  [mutable-override]
+    def other(self) -> None:
+        self.bad2: int = 5  # E: Covariant override of a mutable attribute (base class "C" defined the type as "float", expression has type "int")  [mutable-override]
+[builtins fixtures/property.pyi]