[Fix rubocop#12307] Fix an infinite loop error for Layout/EndAlignment

Fixes rubocop#12307.

This PR fixes an infinite loop error for `Layout/EndAlignment`
when `EnforcedStyleAlignWith: variable` and using a conditional statement in
a method argument on the same line and `end` with method call is not aligned.

changelog/fix_an_infinite_loop_error_for_layout_end_alignment.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+* [#12307](https://github.com/rubocop/rubocop/issues/12307): Fix an infinite loop error for `Layout/EndAlignment` when `EnforcedStyleAlignWith: variable` and using a conditional statement in a method argument on the same line and `end` with method call is not aligned. ([@koic][])

lib/rubocop/cop/layout/end_alignment.rb

@@ -163,7 +163,13 @@ def alignment_node(node)
           when :keyword
             node
           when :variable
-            alignment_node_for_variable_style(node)
+            align_to = alignment_node_for_variable_style(node)
+
+            while (parent = align_to.parent) && parent.send_type? && same_line?(align_to, parent)
+              align_to = parent
+            end
+
+            align_to
           else
             start_line_range(node)
           end

spec/rubocop/cop/layout/end_alignment_spec.rb

@@ -438,6 +438,21 @@ class << self
       RUBY
     end
 
+    it 'registers an offense when using a conditional statement in a method argument on the same line and `end` with method call is not aligned' do
+      expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
+        do_something case condition
+                     when expr
+                     end.method_call
+                     ^^^ `end` at 3, 13 is not aligned with `do_something case` at 1, 0.
+      RUBY
+
+      expect_correction(<<~RUBY)
+        do_something case condition
+                     when expr
+        end.method_call
+      RUBY
+    end
+
     it 'register an offense when using a pattern matching in a method argument and `end` is not aligned', :ruby27 do
       expect_offense(<<~RUBY)
         format(