fix(node): Add LRU map for tracePropagationTargets calculation

[AbhiPrasad]

fixes #8129

Adds an LRU Map so that we don't let the cached items grow infinitely.

Important to note that shouldAttachTraceData and shouldCreateSpan behaviour is basically identical now other than the map and executor used, but I didn't refactor further because I felt the abstraction is more confusing than just having this simple duplication.

[github-actions]

size-limit report 📦

Path	Size
@sentry/browser - ES5 CDN Bundle (gzipped + minified)	21.03 KB (+0.04% 🔺)
@sentry/browser - ES5 CDN Bundle (minified)	65.63 KB (+0.02% 🔺)
@sentry/browser - ES6 CDN Bundle (gzipped + minified)	19.57 KB (+0.04% 🔺)
@sentry/browser - ES6 CDN Bundle (minified)	58.09 KB (+0.02% 🔺)
@sentry/browser - Webpack (gzipped + minified)	21.17 KB (0%)
@sentry/browser - Webpack (minified)	69.04 KB (0%)
@sentry/react - Webpack (gzipped + minified)	21.19 KB (0%)
@sentry/nextjs Client - Webpack (gzipped + minified)	49.12 KB (+0.01% 🔺)
@sentry/browser + @sentry/tracing - ES5 CDN Bundle (gzipped + minified)	28.65 KB (+0.04% 🔺)
@sentry/browser + @sentry/tracing - ES6 CDN Bundle (gzipped + minified)	26.89 KB (+0.05% 🔺)
@sentry/replay ES6 CDN Bundle (gzipped + minified)	48.13 KB (+1.09% 🔺)
@sentry/replay - Webpack (gzipped + minified)	42.02 KB (+1.35% 🔺)
@sentry/browser + @sentry/tracing + @sentry/replay - ES6 CDN Bundle (gzipped + minified)	67.09 KB (+0.88% 🔺)
@sentry/browser + @sentry/replay - ES6 CDN Bundle (gzipped + minified)	59.99 KB (+1.02% 🔺)