k12: improve API and support multithreaded computation

[bwesterb]

Use options style API, so that the common case is very simple:

h := k12.NewDraft10()

but we can provide options elegantly:

h := k12.NewDraft10(
    WithContext([]byte("some context")),
    WithWorkers(runtime.NumCPU()),
)

Allows multithreaded computation with the WithWorkers() option. On M2 Pro scales well with a few workers, but isn't able to utilize all cores effectively:

BenchmarkK12_100B-12          	 5223334	       228.8 ns/op	 437.07 MB/s
BenchmarkK12_10K-12           	  105744	     11183 ns/op	 894.21 MB/s
BenchmarkK12_100K-12          	   27141	     44364 ns/op	2254.06 MB/s
BenchmarkK12_3M-12            	    1172	   1010401 ns/op	3243.07 MB/s
BenchmarkK12_32M-12           	     100	  10033730 ns/op	3265.78 MB/s
BenchmarkK12_327M-12          	      12	  98888208 ns/op	3313.64 MB/s
BenchmarkK12_3276M-12         	       2	 991111938 ns/op	3306.19 MB/s
BenchmarkK12x2_32M-12         	     183	   6510423 ns/op	5033.16 MB/s
BenchmarkK12x2_327M-12        	      18	  63622058 ns/op	5150.41 MB/s
BenchmarkK12x2_3276M-12       	       2	 632823584 ns/op	5178.06 MB/s
BenchmarkK12x4_32M-12         	     364	   3300120 ns/op	9929.34 MB/s
BenchmarkK12x4_327M-12        	      39	  29477854 ns/op	11116.14 MB/s
BenchmarkK12x4_3276M-12       	       2	 581819167 ns/op	11263.98 MB/s
BenchmarkK12x8_32M-12         	     520	   2301923 ns/op	14235.05 MB/s
BenchmarkK12x8_327M-12        	      76	  15590312 ns/op	21018.18 MB/s
BenchmarkK12x8_3276M-12       	       4	 296590469 ns/op	22096.46 MB/s
BenchmarkK12xCPUs_32M-12      	     472	   2526827 ns/op	12968.04 MB/s
BenchmarkK12xCPUs_327M-12     	      78	  15139957 ns/op	21643.39 MB/s
BenchmarkK12xCPUs_3276M-12    	       4	 280958114 ns/op	23325.90 MB/s

We only reach 23GB/s (at 12x) instead of the lower bound of 33GB/s expected with 10 performance cores.

Adds {Max,Next}WriteSize to suggest the caller how big to choose their Write() calls.

[armfazh]

For 32 GB,

Cores	Speedup
1	1.00x
2	1.49x
4	2.48x
8	4.27x

For 32MB

Cores	Speedup
1	1.00x
2	1.28x
4	1.81x
8	1.92x

the speedup increases with the length of the message (as expected) but the largest test case (where numbers to look ok) requires message of many GB in memory. Not sure if this is gonna be realistic since usually large reads are done in batches of smaller sizes.

For medium-sized messages (say 32MB), the max speedup is below 2x even with 8 threads.

*not in opposition to this effort, but timings make me think if something must be done differently (or I missed something)

[bwesterb]

requires message of many GB in memory. Not sure if this is gonna be realistic since usually large reads are done in batches of smaller sizes.

Those tests don't use a buffer of GBs. Instead they use the size suggested by MaxWriteSize(), which atm is lanes * CPUs * 8kB, ie. 192kB on M2 Pro.

but timings make me think if something must be done differently (or I missed something)

There clearly is some concurrency bottleneck here which I haven't figured out yet.