[refurb] Implement write-whole-file (FURB103) (#10802)

## Summary

Implement `write-whole-file` (`FURB103`), part of #1348. This is largely
a copy and paste of `read-whole-file` #7682.

## Test Plan

Text fixture added.

---------

Co-authored-by: Dhruv Manilawala <dhruvmanila@gmail.com>

crates/ruff_linter/resources/test/fixtures/refurb/FURB103.py

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+def foo():
+    ...
+
+
+def bar(x):
+    ...
+
+
+# Errors.
+
+# FURB103
+with open("file.txt", "w") as f:
+    f.write("test")
+
+# FURB103
+with open("file.txt", "wb") as f:
+    f.write(foobar)
+
+# FURB103
+with open("file.txt", mode="wb") as f:
+    f.write(b"abc")
+
+# FURB103
+with open("file.txt", "w", encoding="utf8") as f:
+    f.write(foobar)
+
+# FURB103
+with open("file.txt", "w", errors="ignore") as f:
+    f.write(foobar)
+
+# FURB103
+with open("file.txt", mode="w") as f:
+    f.write(foobar)
+
+# FURB103
+with open(foo(), "wb") as f:
+    # The body of `with` is non-trivial, but the recommendation holds.
+    bar("pre")
+    f.write(bar())
+    bar("post")
+    print("Done")
+
+# FURB103
+with open("a.txt", "w") as a, open("b.txt", "wb") as b:
+    a.write(x)
+    b.write(y)
+
+# FURB103
+with foo() as a, open("file.txt", "w") as b, foo() as c:
+    # We have other things in here, multiple with items, but the user
+    # writes a single time to file and that bit they can replace.
+    bar(a)
+    b.write(bar(bar(a + x)))
+    bar(c)
+
+
+# FURB103
+with open("file.txt", "w", newline="\r\n") as f:
+    f.write(foobar)
+
+
+# Non-errors.
+
+with open("file.txt", errors="ignore", mode="wb") as f:
+    # Path.write_bytes() does not support errors
+    f.write(foobar)
+
+f2 = open("file2.txt", "w")
+with open("file.txt", "w") as f:
+    f2.write(x)
+
+# mode is dynamic
+with open("file.txt", foo()) as f:
+    f.write(x)
+
+# keyword mode is incorrect
+with open("file.txt", mode="a+") as f:
+    f.write(x)
+
+# enables line buffering, not supported in write_text()
+with open("file.txt", buffering=1) as f:
+    f.write(x)
+
+# dont mistake "newline" for "mode"
+with open("file.txt", newline="wb") as f:
+    f.write(x)
+
+# I guess we can possibly also report this case, but the question
+# is why the user would put "w+" here in the first place.
+with open("file.txt", "w+") as f:
+    f.write(x)
+
+# Even though we write the whole file, we do other things.
+with open("file.txt", "w") as f:
+    f.write(x)
+    f.seek(0)
+    x += f.read(100)
+
+# This shouldn't error, since it could contain unsupported arguments, like `buffering`.
+with open(*filename, mode="w") as f:
+    f.write(x)
+
+# This shouldn't error, since it could contain unsupported arguments, like `buffering`.
+with open(**kwargs) as f:
+    f.write(x)
+
+# This shouldn't error, since it could contain unsupported arguments, like `buffering`.
+with open("file.txt", **kwargs) as f:
+    f.write(x)
+
+# This shouldn't error, since it could contain unsupported arguments, like `buffering`.
+with open("file.txt", mode="w", **kwargs) as f:
+    f.write(x)
+
+# This could error (but doesn't), since it can't contain unsupported arguments, like
+# `buffering`.
+with open(*filename, mode="w") as f:
+    f.write(x)
+
+# This could error (but doesn't), since it can't contain unsupported arguments, like
+# `buffering`.
+with open(*filename, file="file.txt", mode="w") as f:
+    f.write(x)
+
+# Loops imply multiple writes
+with open("file.txt", "w") as f:
+    while x < 0:
+        f.write(foobar)
+
+with open("file.txt", "w") as f:
+    for line in text:
+        f.write(line)

crates/ruff_linter/src/checkers/ast/analyze/statement.rs

@@ -1225,6 +1225,9 @@ pub(crate) fn statement(stmt: &Stmt, checker: &mut Checker) {
             if checker.enabled(Rule::ReadWholeFile) {
                 refurb::rules::read_whole_file(checker, with_stmt);
             }
+            if checker.enabled(Rule::WriteWholeFile) {
+                refurb::rules::write_whole_file(checker, with_stmt);
+            }
             if checker.enabled(Rule::UselessWithLock) {
                 pylint::rules::useless_with_lock(checker, with_stmt);
             }

crates/ruff_linter/src/codes.rs

@@ -1037,6 +1037,7 @@ pub fn code_to_rule(linter: Linter, code: &str) -> Option<(RuleGroup, Rule)> {
 
         // refurb
         (Refurb, "101") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::ReadWholeFile),
+        (Refurb, "103") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::WriteWholeFile),
         (Refurb, "105") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::PrintEmptyString),
         (Refurb, "110") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::IfExpInsteadOfOrOperator),
         #[allow(deprecated)]

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/refurb/helpers.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-use ruff_python_ast as ast;
+use ruff_python_ast::{self as ast, Expr};
 use ruff_python_codegen::Generator;
-use ruff_text_size::TextRange;
+use ruff_python_semantic::{BindingId, ResolvedReference, SemanticModel};
+use ruff_text_size::{Ranged, TextRange};
 
 /// Format a code snippet to call `name.method()`.
 pub(super) fn generate_method_call(name: &str, method: &str, generator: Generator) -> String {
@@ -61,3 +62,217 @@ pub(super) fn generate_none_identity_comparison(
     };
     generator.expr(&compare.into())
 }
+
+// Helpers for read-whole-file and write-whole-file
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+pub(super) enum OpenMode {
+    /// "r"
+    ReadText,
+    /// "rb"
+    ReadBytes,
+    /// "w"
+    WriteText,
+    /// "wb"
+    WriteBytes,
+}
+
+impl OpenMode {
+    pub(super) fn pathlib_method(self) -> String {
+        match self {
+            OpenMode::ReadText => "read_text".to_string(),
+            OpenMode::ReadBytes => "read_bytes".to_string(),
+            OpenMode::WriteText => "write_text".to_string(),
+            OpenMode::WriteBytes => "write_bytes".to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A grab bag struct that joins together every piece of information we need to track
+/// about a file open operation.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(super) struct FileOpen<'a> {
+    /// With item where the open happens, we use it for the reporting range.
+    pub(super) item: &'a ast::WithItem,
+    /// Filename expression used as the first argument in `open`, we use it in the diagnostic message.
+    pub(super) filename: &'a Expr,
+    /// The file open mode.
+    pub(super) mode: OpenMode,
+    /// The file open keywords.
+    pub(super) keywords: Vec<&'a ast::Keyword>,
+    /// We only check `open` operations whose file handles are used exactly once.
+    pub(super) reference: &'a ResolvedReference,
+}
+
+impl<'a> FileOpen<'a> {
+    /// Determine whether an expression is a reference to the file handle, by comparing
+    /// their ranges. If two expressions have the same range, they must be the same expression.
+    pub(super) fn is_ref(&self, expr: &Expr) -> bool {
+        expr.range() == self.reference.range()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Find and return all `open` operations in the given `with` statement.
+pub(super) fn find_file_opens<'a>(
+    with: &'a ast::StmtWith,
+    semantic: &'a SemanticModel<'a>,
+    read_mode: bool,
+) -> Vec<FileOpen<'a>> {
+    with.items
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|item| find_file_open(item, with, semantic, read_mode))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Find `open` operation in the given `with` item.
+fn find_file_open<'a>(
+    item: &'a ast::WithItem,
+    with: &'a ast::StmtWith,
+    semantic: &'a SemanticModel<'a>,
+    read_mode: bool,
+) -> Option<FileOpen<'a>> {
+    // We want to match `open(...) as var`.
+    let ast::ExprCall {
+        func,
+        arguments: ast::Arguments { args, keywords, .. },
+        ..
+    } = item.context_expr.as_call_expr()?;
+
+    if func.as_name_expr()?.id != "open" {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let var = item.optional_vars.as_deref()?.as_name_expr()?;
+
+    // Ignore calls with `*args` and `**kwargs`. In the exact case of `open(*filename, mode="w")`,
+    // it could be a match; but in all other cases, the call _could_ contain unsupported keyword
+    // arguments, like `buffering`.
+    if args.iter().any(Expr::is_starred_expr)
+        || keywords.iter().any(|keyword| keyword.arg.is_none())
+    {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // Match positional arguments, get filename and mode.
+    let (filename, pos_mode) = match_open_args(args)?;
+
+    // Match keyword arguments, get keyword arguments to forward and possibly mode.
+    let (keywords, kw_mode) = match_open_keywords(keywords, read_mode)?;
+
+    let mode = kw_mode.unwrap_or(pos_mode);
+
+    match mode {
+        OpenMode::ReadText | OpenMode::ReadBytes => {
+            if !read_mode {
+                return None;
+            }
+        }
+        OpenMode::WriteText | OpenMode::WriteBytes => {
+            if read_mode {
+                return None;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Path.read_bytes and Path.write_bytes do not support any kwargs.
+    if matches!(mode, OpenMode::ReadBytes | OpenMode::WriteBytes) && !keywords.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // Now we need to find what is this variable bound to...
+    let scope = semantic.current_scope();
+    let bindings: Vec<BindingId> = scope.get_all(var.id.as_str()).collect();
+
+    let binding = bindings
+        .iter()
+        .map(|x| semantic.binding(*x))
+        // We might have many bindings with the same name, but we only care
+        // for the one we are looking at right now.
+        .find(|binding| binding.range() == var.range())?;
+
+    // Since many references can share the same binding, we can limit our attention span
+    // exclusively to the body of the current `with` statement.
+    let references: Vec<&ResolvedReference> = binding
+        .references
+        .iter()
+        .map(|id| semantic.reference(*id))
+        .filter(|reference| with.range().contains_range(reference.range()))
+        .collect();
+
+    // And even with all these restrictions, if the file handle gets used not exactly once,
+    // it doesn't fit the bill.
+    let [reference] = references.as_slice() else {
+        return None;
+    };
+
+    Some(FileOpen {
+        item,
+        filename,
+        mode,
+        keywords,
+        reference,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Match positional arguments. Return expression for the file name and open mode.
+fn match_open_args(args: &[Expr]) -> Option<(&Expr, OpenMode)> {
+    match args {
+        [filename] => Some((filename, OpenMode::ReadText)),
+        [filename, mode_literal] => match_open_mode(mode_literal).map(|mode| (filename, mode)),
+        // The third positional argument is `buffering` and the pathlib methods don't support it.
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Match keyword arguments. Return keyword arguments to forward and mode.
+fn match_open_keywords(
+    keywords: &[ast::Keyword],
+    read_mode: bool,
+) -> Option<(Vec<&ast::Keyword>, Option<OpenMode>)> {
+    let mut result: Vec<&ast::Keyword> = vec![];
+    let mut mode: Option<OpenMode> = None;
+
+    for keyword in keywords {
+        match keyword.arg.as_ref()?.as_str() {
+            "encoding" | "errors" => result.push(keyword),
+            // newline is only valid for write_text
+            "newline" => {
+                if read_mode {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                result.push(keyword);
+            }
+
+            // This might look bizarre, - why do we re-wrap this optional?
+            //
+            // The answer is quite simple, in the result of the current function
+            // mode being `None` is a possible and correct option meaning that there
+            // was NO "mode" keyword argument.
+            //
+            // The result of `match_open_mode` on the other hand is None
+            // in the cases when the mode is not compatible with `write_text`/`write_bytes`.
+            //
+            // So, here we return None from this whole function if the mode
+            // is incompatible.
+            "mode" => mode = Some(match_open_mode(&keyword.value)?),
+
+            // All other keywords cannot be directly forwarded.
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+    }
+    Some((result, mode))
+}
+
+/// Match open mode to see if it is supported.
+fn match_open_mode(mode: &Expr) -> Option<OpenMode> {
+    let ast::ExprStringLiteral { value, .. } = mode.as_string_literal_expr()?;
+    if value.is_implicit_concatenated() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    match value.to_str() {
+        "r" => Some(OpenMode::ReadText),
+        "rb" => Some(OpenMode::ReadBytes),
+        "w" => Some(OpenMode::WriteText),
+        "wb" => Some(OpenMode::WriteBytes),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/refurb/mod.rs

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test_case(Rule::MetaClassABCMeta, Path::new("FURB180.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::HashlibDigestHex, Path::new("FURB181.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::ListReverseCopy, Path::new("FURB187.py"))]
+    #[test_case(Rule::WriteWholeFile, Path::new("FURB103.py"))]
     fn rules(rule_code: Rule, path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
         let snapshot = format!("{}_{}", rule_code.noqa_code(), path.to_string_lossy());
         let diagnostics = test_path(

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/refurb/rules/mod.rs

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ pub(crate) use type_none_comparison::*;
 pub(crate) use unnecessary_enumerate::*;
 pub(crate) use unnecessary_from_float::*;
 pub(crate) use verbose_decimal_constructor::*;
+pub(crate) use write_whole_file::*;
 
 mod bit_count;
 mod check_and_remove_from_set;
@@ -53,3 +54,4 @@ mod type_none_comparison;
 mod unnecessary_enumerate;
 mod unnecessary_from_float;
 mod verbose_decimal_constructor;
+mod write_whole_file;