[refurb] Implement bit-count (FURB161) (#9265)

## Summary

Implements
[`FURB161`/`use-bit-count`](https://github.com/dosisod/refurb/blob/master/refurb/checks/builtin/use_bit_count.py)

See: #1348 

## Test Plan

`cargo test`

crates/ruff_linter/resources/test/fixtures/refurb/FURB161.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+x = 10
+
+def ten() -> int:
+    return 10
+
+count = bin(x).count("1")  # FURB161
+count = bin(10).count("1")  # FURB161
+count = bin(0b1010).count("1")  # FURB161
+count = bin(0xA).count("1")  # FURB161
+count = bin(0o12).count("1")  # FURB161
+count = bin(0x10 + 0x1000).count("1")  # FURB161
+count = bin(ten()).count("1")  # FURB161
+count = bin((10)).count("1")  # FURB161
+count = bin("10" "15").count("1")  # FURB161
+
+count = x.bit_count()  # OK
+count = (10).bit_count()  # OK
+count = 0b1010.bit_count()  # OK
+count = 0xA.bit_count()  # OK
+count = 0o12.bit_count()  # OK
+count = (0x10 + 0x1000).bit_count()  # OK
+count = ten().bit_count()  # OK

crates/ruff_linter/src/checkers/ast/analyze/expression.rs

@@ -438,6 +438,9 @@ pub(crate) fn expression(expr: &Expr, checker: &mut Checker) {
                     }
                 }
             }
+            if checker.enabled(Rule::BitCount) {
+                refurb::rules::bit_count(checker, call);
+            }
             if checker.enabled(Rule::TypeOfPrimitive) {
                 pyupgrade::rules::type_of_primitive(checker, expr, func, args);
             }

crates/ruff_linter/src/codes.rs

@@ -964,6 +964,7 @@ pub fn code_to_rule(linter: Linter, code: &str) -> Option<(RuleGroup, Rule)> {
         (Refurb, "145") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::SliceCopy),
         (Refurb, "148") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::UnnecessaryEnumerate),
         (Refurb, "152") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::MathConstant),
+        (Refurb, "161") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::BitCount),
         (Refurb, "163") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::RedundantLogBase),
         (Refurb, "168") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::IsinstanceTypeNone),
         (Refurb, "169") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::TypeNoneComparison),

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/flake8_pyi/rules/future_annotations_in_stub.rs

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use crate::checkers::ast::Checker;
 /// the `from __future__ import annotations` import statement has no effect
 /// and should be omitted.
 ///
-/// ## Resources
+/// ## References
 /// - [Static Typing with Python: Type Stubs](https://typing.readthedocs.io/en/latest/source/stubs.html)
 #[violation]
 pub struct FutureAnnotationsInStub;

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/refurb/mod.rs

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test_case(Rule::PrintEmptyString, Path::new("FURB105.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::ImplicitCwd, Path::new("FURB177.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::SingleItemMembershipTest, Path::new("FURB171.py"))]
+    #[test_case(Rule::BitCount, Path::new("FURB161.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::IsinstanceTypeNone, Path::new("FURB168.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::TypeNoneComparison, Path::new("FURB169.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::RedundantLogBase, Path::new("FURB163.py"))]

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/refurb/rules/bit_count.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+use ruff_diagnostics::{AlwaysFixableViolation, Diagnostic, Edit, Fix};
+use ruff_macros::{derive_message_formats, violation};
+use ruff_python_ast::{self as ast, Expr, ExprAttribute, ExprCall};
+use ruff_text_size::Ranged;
+
+use crate::fix::snippet::SourceCodeSnippet;
+use crate::{checkers::ast::Checker, settings::types::PythonVersion};
+
+/// ## What it does
+/// Checks for uses of `bin(...).count("1")` to perform a population count.
+///
+/// ## Why is this bad?
+/// In Python 3.10, a `bit_count()` method was added to the `int` class,
+/// which is more concise and efficient than converting to a binary
+/// representation via `bin(...)`.
+///
+/// ## Example
+/// ```python
+/// x = bin(123).count("1")
+/// y = bin(0b1111011).count("1")
+/// ```
+///
+/// Use instead:
+/// ```python
+/// x = (123).bit_count()
+/// y = 0b1111011.bit_count()
+/// ```
+///
+/// ## Options
+/// - `target-version`
+///
+/// ## References
+/// - [Python documentation:`int.bit_count`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#int.bit_count)
+#[violation]
+pub struct BitCount {
+    existing: SourceCodeSnippet,
+    replacement: SourceCodeSnippet,
+}
+
+impl AlwaysFixableViolation for BitCount {
+    #[derive_message_formats]
+    fn message(&self) -> String {
+        let BitCount { existing, .. } = self;
+        let existing = existing.truncated_display();
+        format!("Use of `bin({existing}).count('1')`")
+    }
+
+    fn fix_title(&self) -> String {
+        let BitCount { replacement, .. } = self;
+        if let Some(replacement) = replacement.full_display() {
+            format!("Replace with `{replacement}`")
+        } else {
+            format!("Replace with `.bit_count()`")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// FURB161
+pub(crate) fn bit_count(checker: &mut Checker, call: &ExprCall) {
+    // `int.bit_count()` was added in Python 3.10
+    if checker.settings.target_version < PythonVersion::Py310 {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let Expr::Attribute(ExprAttribute { attr, value, .. }) = call.func.as_ref() else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    // Ensure that we're performing a `.count(...)`.
+    if attr.as_str() != "count" {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if !call.arguments.keywords.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    };
+    let [arg] = call.arguments.args.as_slice() else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let Expr::StringLiteral(ast::ExprStringLiteral {
+        value: count_value, ..
+    }) = arg
+    else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    // Ensure that we're performing a `.count("1")`.
+    if count_value != "1" {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let Expr::Call(ExprCall {
+        func, arguments, ..
+    }) = value.as_ref()
+    else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    // Ensure that we're performing a `bin(...)`.
+    if !checker
+        .semantic()
+        .resolve_call_path(func)
+        .is_some_and(|call_path| matches!(call_path.as_slice(), ["" | "builtins", "bin"]))
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if !arguments.keywords.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    };
+    let [arg] = arguments.args.as_slice() else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    // Extract, e.g., `x` in `bin(x)`.
+    let literal_text = checker.locator().slice(arg);
+
+    // If we're calling a method on an integer, or an expression with lower precedence, parenthesize
+    // it.
+    let parenthesize = match arg {
+        Expr::NumberLiteral(ast::ExprNumberLiteral { .. }) => {
+            let mut chars = literal_text.chars();
+            !matches!(
+                (chars.next(), chars.next()),
+                (Some('0'), Some('b' | 'B' | 'x' | 'X' | 'o' | 'O'))
+            )
+        }
+
+        Expr::StringLiteral(inner) => inner.value.is_implicit_concatenated(),
+        Expr::BytesLiteral(inner) => inner.value.is_implicit_concatenated(),
+        Expr::FString(inner) => inner.value.is_implicit_concatenated(),
+
+        Expr::Await(_)
+        | Expr::Starred(_)
+        | Expr::UnaryOp(_)
+        | Expr::BinOp(_)
+        | Expr::BoolOp(_)
+        | Expr::IfExp(_)
+        | Expr::NamedExpr(_)
+        | Expr::Lambda(_)
+        | Expr::Slice(_)
+        | Expr::Yield(_)
+        | Expr::YieldFrom(_)
+        | Expr::Name(_)
+        | Expr::List(_)
+        | Expr::Compare(_)
+        | Expr::Tuple(_)
+        | Expr::GeneratorExp(_)
+        | Expr::IpyEscapeCommand(_) => true,
+
+        Expr::Call(_)
+        | Expr::Dict(_)
+        | Expr::Set(_)
+        | Expr::ListComp(_)
+        | Expr::SetComp(_)
+        | Expr::DictComp(_)
+        | Expr::BooleanLiteral(_)
+        | Expr::NoneLiteral(_)
+        | Expr::EllipsisLiteral(_)
+        | Expr::Attribute(_)
+        | Expr::Subscript(_) => false,
+    };
+
+    let replacement = if parenthesize {
+        format!("({literal_text}).bit_count()")
+    } else {
+        format!("{literal_text}.bit_count()")
+    };
+
+    let mut diagnostic = Diagnostic::new(
+        BitCount {
+            existing: SourceCodeSnippet::from_str(literal_text),
+            replacement: SourceCodeSnippet::new(replacement.to_string()),
+        },
+        call.range(),
+    );
+
+    diagnostic.set_fix(Fix::safe_edit(Edit::range_replacement(
+        replacement,
+        call.range(),
+    )));
+
+    checker.diagnostics.push(diagnostic);
+}

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/refurb/rules/mod.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+pub(crate) use bit_count::*;
 pub(crate) use check_and_remove_from_set::*;
 pub(crate) use delete_full_slice::*;
 pub(crate) use hashlib_digest_hex::*;
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ pub(crate) use slice_copy::*;
 pub(crate) use type_none_comparison::*;
 pub(crate) use unnecessary_enumerate::*;
 
+mod bit_count;
 mod check_and_remove_from_set;
 mod delete_full_slice;
 mod hashlib_digest_hex;