[pylint] Implement misplaced-bare-raise (E0704) (#7961)

## Summary

### What it does
This rule triggers an error when a bare raise statement is not in an
except or finally block.
### Why is this bad?
If raise statement is not in an except or finally block, there is no
active exception to
re-raise, so it will fail with a `RuntimeError` exception.
### Example
```python
def validate_positive(x):
   if x <= 0:
       raise
```
Use instead:
```python
def validate_positive(x):
   if x <= 0:
       raise ValueError(f"{x} is not positive")
```

## Test Plan

Added unit test and snapshot.
Manually compared ruff and pylint outputs on pylint's tests.

## References

- [pylint
documentation](https://pylint.pycqa.org/en/stable/user_guide/messages/error/misplaced-bare-raise.html)
- [pylint
implementation](https://github.com/pylint-dev/pylint/blob/main/pylint/checkers/exceptions.py#L339)

crates/ruff_linter/resources/test/fixtures/pylint/misplaced_bare_raise.py

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# bare raise is an except block
+try:
+    pass
+except Exception:
+    raise
+
+try:
+    pass
+except Exception:
+    if True:
+        raise
+
+# bare raise is in a finally block which is in an except block
+try:
+    raise Exception
+except Exception:
+    try:
+        raise Exception
+    finally:
+        raise
+
+# bare raise is in an __exit__ method
+class ContextManager:
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        raise
+
+try:
+    raise # [misplaced-bare-raise]
+except Exception:
+    pass
+
+def f():
+    try:
+        raise # [misplaced-bare-raise]
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+
+def g():
+    raise # [misplaced-bare-raise]
+
+def h():
+    try:
+        if True:
+            def i():
+                raise # [misplaced-bare-raise]
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+    raise # [misplaced-bare-raise]
+
+raise # [misplaced-bare-raise]
+
+try:
+    pass
+except:
+    def i():
+        raise # [misplaced-bare-raise]
+
+try:
+    pass
+except:
+    class C:
+        raise # [misplaced-bare-raise]
+
+try:
+    pass
+except:
+    pass
+finally:
+    raise # [misplaced-bare-raise]

crates/ruff_linter/src/checkers/ast/analyze/statement.rs

@@ -964,7 +964,7 @@ pub(crate) fn statement(stmt: &Stmt, checker: &mut Checker) {
                 }
             }
         }
-        Stmt::Raise(ast::StmtRaise { exc, .. }) => {
+        Stmt::Raise(raise @ ast::StmtRaise { exc, .. }) => {
             if checker.enabled(Rule::RaiseNotImplemented) {
                 if let Some(expr) = exc {
                     pyflakes::rules::raise_not_implemented(checker, expr);
@@ -1004,6 +1004,9 @@ pub(crate) fn statement(stmt: &Stmt, checker: &mut Checker) {
                     flake8_raise::rules::unnecessary_paren_on_raise_exception(checker, expr);
                 }
             }
+            if checker.enabled(Rule::MisplacedBareRaise) {
+                pylint::rules::misplaced_bare_raise(checker, raise);
+            }
         }
         Stmt::AugAssign(ast::StmtAugAssign { target, .. }) => {
             if checker.enabled(Rule::GlobalStatement) {

crates/ruff_linter/src/checkers/ast/mod.rs

@@ -524,6 +524,7 @@ where
                 );
                 self.semantic.push_definition(definition);
                 self.semantic.push_scope(ScopeKind::Function(function_def));
+                self.semantic.flags -= SemanticModelFlags::EXCEPTION_HANDLER;
 
                 self.deferred.functions.push(self.semantic.snapshot());
 
@@ -562,6 +563,7 @@ where
                 );
                 self.semantic.push_definition(definition);
                 self.semantic.push_scope(ScopeKind::Class(class_def));
+                self.semantic.flags -= SemanticModelFlags::EXCEPTION_HANDLER;
 
                 // Extract any global bindings from the class body.
                 if let Some(globals) = Globals::from_body(body) {

crates/ruff_linter/src/codes.rs

@@ -224,6 +224,7 @@ pub fn code_to_rule(linter: Linter, code: &str) -> Option<(RuleGroup, Rule)> {
         (Pylint, "E0307") => (RuleGroup::Stable, rules::pylint::rules::InvalidStrReturnType),
         (Pylint, "E0604") => (RuleGroup::Stable, rules::pylint::rules::InvalidAllObject),
         (Pylint, "E0605") => (RuleGroup::Stable, rules::pylint::rules::InvalidAllFormat),
+        (Pylint, "E0704") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::pylint::rules::MisplacedBareRaise),
         (Pylint, "E1142") => (RuleGroup::Stable, rules::pylint::rules::AwaitOutsideAsync),
         (Pylint, "E1205") => (RuleGroup::Stable, rules::pylint::rules::LoggingTooManyArgs),
         (Pylint, "E1206") => (RuleGroup::Stable, rules::pylint::rules::LoggingTooFewArgs),

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/pylint/helpers.rs

@@ -22,7 +22,11 @@ pub(super) fn type_param_name(arguments: &Arguments) -> Option<&str> {
     }
 }
 
-pub(super) fn in_dunder_init(semantic: &SemanticModel, settings: &LinterSettings) -> bool {
+pub(super) fn in_dunder_method(
+    dunder_name: &str,
+    semantic: &SemanticModel,
+    settings: &LinterSettings,
+) -> bool {
     let scope = semantic.current_scope();
     let ScopeKind::Function(ast::StmtFunctionDef {
         name,
@@ -32,7 +36,7 @@ pub(super) fn in_dunder_init(semantic: &SemanticModel, settings: &LinterSettings
     else {
         return false;
     };
-    if name != "__init__" {
+    if name != dunder_name {
         return false;
     }
     let Some(parent) = semantic.first_non_type_parent_scope(scope) else {

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/pylint/mod.rs

@@ -135,6 +135,7 @@ mod tests {
     )]
     #[test_case(Rule::BadDunderMethodName, Path::new("bad_dunder_method_name.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::NoSelfUse, Path::new("no_self_use.py"))]
+    #[test_case(Rule::MisplacedBareRaise, Path::new("misplaced_bare_raise.py"))]
     fn rules(rule_code: Rule, path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
         let snapshot = format!("{}_{}", rule_code.noqa_code(), path.to_string_lossy());
         let diagnostics = test_path(

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/pylint/rules/misplaced_bare_raise.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+use ruff_diagnostics::{Diagnostic, Violation};
+use ruff_macros::{derive_message_formats, violation};
+use ruff_python_ast as ast;
+use ruff_text_size::Ranged;
+
+use crate::checkers::ast::Checker;
+use crate::rules::pylint::helpers::in_dunder_method;
+
+/// ## What it does
+/// Checks for bare `raise` statements outside of exception handlers.
+///
+/// ## Why is this bad?
+/// A bare `raise` statement without an exception object will re-raise the last
+/// exception that was active in the current scope, and is typically used
+/// within an exception handler to re-raise the caught exception.
+///
+/// If a bare `raise` is used outside of an exception handler, it will generate
+/// an error due to the lack of an active exception.
+///
+/// Note that a bare `raise` within a  `finally` block will work in some cases
+/// (namely, when the exception is raised within the `try` block), but should
+/// be avoided as it can lead to confusing behavior.
+///
+/// ## Example
+/// ```python
+/// from typing import Any
+///
+///
+/// def is_some(obj: Any) -> bool:
+///     if obj is None:
+///         raise
+/// ```
+///
+/// Use instead:
+/// ```python
+/// from typing import Any
+///
+///
+/// def is_some(obj: Any) -> bool:
+///     if obj is None:
+///         raise ValueError("`obj` cannot be `None`")
+/// ```
+#[violation]
+pub struct MisplacedBareRaise;
+
+impl Violation for MisplacedBareRaise {
+    #[derive_message_formats]
+    fn message(&self) -> String {
+        format!("Bare `raise` statement is not inside an exception handler")
+    }
+}
+
+/// PLE0704
+pub(crate) fn misplaced_bare_raise(checker: &mut Checker, raise: &ast::StmtRaise) {
+    if raise.exc.is_some() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if checker.semantic().in_exception_handler() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if in_dunder_method("__exit__", checker.semantic(), checker.settings) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    checker
+        .diagnostics
+        .push(Diagnostic::new(MisplacedBareRaise, raise.range()));
+}

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/pylint/rules/mod.rs

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ pub(crate) use load_before_global_declaration::*;
 pub(crate) use logging::*;
 pub(crate) use magic_value_comparison::*;
 pub(crate) use manual_import_from::*;
+pub(crate) use misplaced_bare_raise::*;
 pub(crate) use named_expr_without_context::*;
 pub(crate) use nested_min_max::*;
 pub(crate) use no_self_use::*;
@@ -88,6 +89,7 @@ mod load_before_global_declaration;
 mod logging;
 mod magic_value_comparison;
 mod manual_import_from;
+mod misplaced_bare_raise;
 mod named_expr_without_context;
 mod nested_min_max;
 mod no_self_use;

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/pylint/rules/return_in_init.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use ruff_python_ast::helpers::is_const_none;
 use ruff_text_size::Ranged;
 
 use crate::checkers::ast::Checker;
-use crate::rules::pylint::helpers::in_dunder_init;
+use crate::rules::pylint::helpers::in_dunder_method;
 
 /// ## What it does
 /// Checks for `__init__` methods that return values.
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ pub(crate) fn return_in_init(checker: &mut Checker, stmt: &Stmt) {
         }
     }
 
-    if in_dunder_init(checker.semantic(), checker.settings) {
+    if in_dunder_method("__init__", checker.semantic(), checker.settings) {
         checker
             .diagnostics
             .push(Diagnostic::new(ReturnInInit, stmt.range()));

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/pylint/rules/yield_in_init.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use ruff_macros::{derive_message_formats, violation};
 use ruff_text_size::Ranged;
 
 use crate::checkers::ast::Checker;
-use crate::rules::pylint::helpers::in_dunder_init;
+use crate::rules::pylint::helpers::in_dunder_method;
 
 /// ## What it does
 /// Checks for `__init__` methods that are turned into generators by the
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl Violation for YieldInInit {
 
 /// PLE0100
 pub(crate) fn yield_in_init(checker: &mut Checker, expr: &Expr) {
-    if in_dunder_init(checker.semantic(), checker.settings) {
+    if in_dunder_method("__init__", checker.semantic(), checker.settings) {
         checker
             .diagnostics
             .push(Diagnostic::new(YieldInInit, expr.range()));

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/pylint/snapshots/ruff_linter__rules__pylint__tests__PLE0704_misplaced_bare_raise.py.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+---
+source: crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/pylint/mod.rs
+---
+misplaced_bare_raise.py:30:5: PLE0704 Bare `raise` statement is not inside an exception handler
+   |
+29 | try:
+30 |     raise # [misplaced-bare-raise]
+   |     ^^^^^ PLE0704
+31 | except Exception:
+32 |     pass
+   |
+
+misplaced_bare_raise.py:36:9: PLE0704 Bare `raise` statement is not inside an exception handler
+   |
+34 | def f():
+35 |     try:
+36 |         raise # [misplaced-bare-raise]
+   |         ^^^^^ PLE0704
+37 |     except Exception:
+38 |         pass
+   |
+
+misplaced_bare_raise.py:41:5: PLE0704 Bare `raise` statement is not inside an exception handler
+   |
+40 | def g():
+41 |     raise # [misplaced-bare-raise]
+   |     ^^^^^ PLE0704
+42 | 
+43 | def h():
+   |
+
+misplaced_bare_raise.py:47:17: PLE0704 Bare `raise` statement is not inside an exception handler
+   |
+45 |         if True:
+46 |             def i():
+47 |                 raise # [misplaced-bare-raise]
+   |                 ^^^^^ PLE0704
+48 |     except Exception:
+49 |         pass
+   |
+
+misplaced_bare_raise.py:50:5: PLE0704 Bare `raise` statement is not inside an exception handler
+   |
+48 |     except Exception:
+49 |         pass
+50 |     raise # [misplaced-bare-raise]
+   |     ^^^^^ PLE0704
+51 | 
+52 | raise # [misplaced-bare-raise]
+   |
+
+misplaced_bare_raise.py:52:1: PLE0704 Bare `raise` statement is not inside an exception handler
+   |
+50 |     raise # [misplaced-bare-raise]
+51 | 
+52 | raise # [misplaced-bare-raise]
+   | ^^^^^ PLE0704
+53 | 
+54 | try:
+   |
+
+misplaced_bare_raise.py:58:9: PLE0704 Bare `raise` statement is not inside an exception handler
+   |
+56 | except:
+57 |     def i():
+58 |         raise # [misplaced-bare-raise]
+   |         ^^^^^ PLE0704
+59 | 
+60 | try:
+   |
+
+misplaced_bare_raise.py:64:9: PLE0704 Bare `raise` statement is not inside an exception handler
+   |
+62 | except:
+63 |     class C:
+64 |         raise # [misplaced-bare-raise]
+   |         ^^^^^ PLE0704
+65 | 
+66 | try:
+   |
+
+misplaced_bare_raise.py:71:5: PLE0704 Bare `raise` statement is not inside an exception handler
+   |
+69 |     pass
+70 | finally:
+71 |     raise # [misplaced-bare-raise]
+   |     ^^^^^ PLE0704
+   |
+
+