[refurb] Implement print-empty-string (FURB105) (#7617)

## Summary

Implement
[`simplify-print`](https://github.com/dosisod/refurb/blob/master/refurb/checks/builtin/print.py)
as `print-empty-string` (`FURB105`).

Extends the original rule in that it also checks for multiple empty
string positional arguments with an empty string separator.

Related to #1348.

## Test Plan

`cargo test`

crates/ruff_linter/resources/test/fixtures/refurb/FURB105.py

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# Errors.
+
+print("")
+print("", sep=",")
+print("", end="bar")
+print("", sep=",", end="bar")
+print(sep="")
+print("", sep="")
+print("", "", sep="")
+print("", "", sep="", end="")
+print("", "", sep="", end="bar")
+print("", sep="", end="bar")
+print(sep="", end="bar")
+print("", "foo", sep="")
+print("foo", "", sep="")
+print("foo", "", "bar", sep="")
+print("", *args)
+print("", *args, sep="")
+
+# OK.
+
+print()
+print("foo")
+print("", "")
+print("", "foo")
+print("foo", "")
+print("", "", sep=",")
+print("", "foo", sep=",")
+print("foo", "", sep=",")
+print("foo", "", "bar", "", sep=",")
+print("", "", **kwargs)
+print("", **kwargs)

crates/ruff_linter/src/checkers/ast/analyze/expression.rs

@@ -895,6 +895,9 @@ pub(crate) fn expression(expr: &Expr, checker: &mut Checker) {
             if checker.enabled(Rule::UnsupportedMethodCallOnAll) {
                 flake8_pyi::rules::unsupported_method_call_on_all(checker, func);
             }
+            if checker.enabled(Rule::PrintEmptyString) {
+                refurb::rules::print_empty_string(checker, call);
+            }
             if checker.enabled(Rule::QuadraticListSummation) {
                 ruff::rules::quadratic_list_summation(checker, call);
             }

crates/ruff_linter/src/codes.rs

@@ -914,6 +914,7 @@ pub fn code_to_rule(linter: Linter, code: &str) -> Option<(RuleGroup, Rule)> {
         (Flake8Slots, "002") => (RuleGroup::Unspecified, rules::flake8_slots::rules::NoSlotsInNamedtupleSubclass),
 
         // refurb
+        (Refurb, "105") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::PrintEmptyString),
         #[allow(deprecated)]
         (Refurb, "113") => (RuleGroup::Nursery, rules::refurb::rules::RepeatedAppend),
         #[allow(deprecated)]

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/refurb/mod.rs

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test_case(Rule::ReimplementedStarmap, Path::new("FURB140.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::SliceCopy, Path::new("FURB145.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::UnnecessaryEnumerate, Path::new("FURB148.py"))]
+    #[test_case(Rule::PrintEmptyString, Path::new("FURB105.py"))]
     fn rules(rule_code: Rule, path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
         let snapshot = format!("{}_{}", rule_code.noqa_code(), path.to_string_lossy());
         let diagnostics = test_path(

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/refurb/rules/mod.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 pub(crate) use check_and_remove_from_set::*;
 pub(crate) use delete_full_slice::*;
+pub(crate) use print_empty_string::*;
 pub(crate) use reimplemented_starmap::*;
 pub(crate) use repeated_append::*;
 pub(crate) use slice_copy::*;
 pub(crate) use unnecessary_enumerate::*;
 
 mod check_and_remove_from_set;
 mod delete_full_slice;
+mod print_empty_string;
 mod reimplemented_starmap;
 mod repeated_append;
 mod slice_copy;

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/refurb/rules/print_empty_string.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+use ruff_diagnostics::{AutofixKind, Diagnostic, Edit, Fix, Violation};
+use ruff_macros::{derive_message_formats, violation};
+use ruff_python_ast::{self as ast, Constant, Expr};
+use ruff_python_codegen::Generator;
+use ruff_text_size::Ranged;
+
+use crate::checkers::ast::Checker;
+use crate::registry::AsRule;
+
+/// ## What it does
+/// Checks for `print` calls with an empty string as the only positional
+/// argument.
+///
+/// ## Why is this bad?
+/// Prefer calling `print` without any positional arguments, which is
+/// equivalent and more concise.
+///
+/// ## Example
+/// ```python
+/// print("")
+/// ```
+///
+/// Use instead:
+/// ```python
+/// print()
+/// ```
+///
+/// ## References
+/// - [Python documentation: `print`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print)
+#[violation]
+pub struct PrintEmptyString {
+    separator: Option<Separator>,
+}
+
+impl Violation for PrintEmptyString {
+    const AUTOFIX: AutofixKind = AutofixKind::Sometimes;
+
+    #[derive_message_formats]
+    fn message(&self) -> String {
+        let PrintEmptyString { separator } = self;
+        match separator {
+            None | Some(Separator::Retain) => format!("Unnecessary empty string passed to `print`"),
+            Some(Separator::Remove) => {
+                format!("Unnecessary empty string passed to `print` with redundant separator")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn autofix_title(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        let PrintEmptyString { separator } = self;
+        match separator {
+            None | Some(Separator::Retain) => Some("Remove empty string".to_string()),
+            Some(Separator::Remove) => Some("Remove empty string and separator".to_string()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// FURB105
+pub(crate) fn print_empty_string(checker: &mut Checker, call: &ast::ExprCall) {
+    // Avoid flagging, e.g., `print("", "", **kwargs)`.
+    if call
+        .arguments
+        .keywords
+        .iter()
+        .any(|keyword| keyword.arg.is_none())
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if checker
+        .semantic()
+        .resolve_call_path(&call.func)
+        .as_ref()
+        .is_some_and(|call_path| matches!(call_path.as_slice(), ["", "print"]))
+    {
+        // Ex) `print("", sep="")`
+        let empty_separator = call
+            .arguments
+            .find_keyword("sep")
+            .map_or(false, |keyword| is_empty_string(&keyword.value));
+
+        // Avoid flagging, e.g., `print("", "", sep="sep")`
+        if !empty_separator && call.arguments.args.len() != 1 {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Check if the positional arguments is are all empty strings, or if
+        // there are any empty strings and the `sep` keyword argument is also
+        // an empty string.
+        if call.arguments.args.iter().all(is_empty_string)
+            || (empty_separator && call.arguments.args.iter().any(is_empty_string))
+        {
+            let separator = call
+                .arguments
+                .keywords
+                .iter()
+                .any(|keyword| {
+                    keyword
+                        .arg
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .is_some_and(|arg| arg.as_str() == "sep")
+                })
+                .then(|| {
+                    let is_starred = call.arguments.args.iter().any(Expr::is_starred_expr);
+                    if is_starred {
+                        return Separator::Retain;
+                    }
+
+                    let non_empty = call
+                        .arguments
+                        .args
+                        .iter()
+                        .filter(|arg| !is_empty_string(arg))
+                        .count();
+                    if non_empty > 1 {
+                        return Separator::Retain;
+                    }
+
+                    Separator::Remove
+                });
+
+            let mut diagnostic = Diagnostic::new(PrintEmptyString { separator }, call.range());
+
+            if checker.patch(diagnostic.kind.rule()) {
+                diagnostic.set_fix(Fix::suggested(Edit::replacement(
+                    generate_suggestion(call, separator, checker.generator()),
+                    call.start(),
+                    call.end(),
+                )));
+            }
+
+            checker.diagnostics.push(diagnostic);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Check if an expression is a constant empty string.
+fn is_empty_string(expr: &Expr) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        expr,
+        Expr::Constant(ast::ExprConstant {
+            value: Constant::Str(s),
+            ..
+        }) if s.is_empty()
+    )
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum Separator {
+    Remove,
+    Retain,
+}
+
+/// Generate a suggestion to remove the empty string positional argument and
+/// the `sep` keyword argument, if it exists.
+fn generate_suggestion(
+    call: &ast::ExprCall,
+    separator: Option<Separator>,
+    generator: Generator,
+) -> String {
+    let mut call = call.clone();
+
+    // Remove all empty string positional arguments.
+    call.arguments.args.retain(|arg| !is_empty_string(arg));
+
+    // Remove the `sep` keyword argument if it exists.
+    if separator == Some(Separator::Remove) {
+        call.arguments.keywords.retain(|keyword| {
+            keyword
+                .arg
+                .as_ref()
+                .map_or(true, |arg| arg.as_str() != "sep")
+        });
+    }
+
+    generator.expr(&call.into())
+}