GH-38751: [C++][Go][Parquet] Add tests for reading Float16 files in p…

…arquet-testing (#38753)

### Rationale for this change

Validates compatibility between implementations when reading `Float16` columns.

### What changes are included in this PR?

- Bumps `parquet-testing` commit to latest to use the recently-added files
- Adds reader tests for C++ and Go in the same vein as apache/arrow-rs#5003

### Are these changes tested?

Yes

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No

* Closes: #38751

Authored-by: benibus <bpharks@gmx.com>
Signed-off-by: Matt Topol <zotthewizard@gmail.com>

cpp/src/parquet/arrow/arrow_reader_writer_test.cc

@@ -4099,6 +4099,60 @@ INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
         std::make_tuple("fixed_length_decimal_legacy.parquet", ::arrow::decimal(13, 2)),
         std::make_tuple("byte_array_decimal.parquet", ::arrow::decimal(4, 2))));
 
+TEST(TestArrowReaderAdHoc, ReadFloat16Files) {
+  using ::arrow::util::Float16;
+  constexpr auto nan = std::numeric_limits<Float16>::quiet_NaN();
+
+  struct TestCase {
+    std::string filename;
+    int32_t len;
+    std::vector<Float16> vals;
+  } test_cases[] = {
+      {"float16_nonzeros_and_nans",
+       8,
+       {Float16(+1.0), Float16(-2.0), nan, Float16(+0.0), Float16(-1.0), Float16(-0.0),
+        Float16(+2.0)}},
+      {"float16_zeros_and_nans", 3, {Float16(+0.0), nan}},
+  };
+
+  const auto pool = ::arrow::default_memory_pool();
+
+  for (const auto& tc : test_cases) {
+    std::string path(test::get_data_dir());
+    path += "/" + tc.filename + ".parquet";
+    ARROW_SCOPED_TRACE("path = ", path);
+
+    std::unique_ptr<FileReader> reader;
+    ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(
+        FileReader::Make(pool, ParquetFileReader::OpenFile(path, false), &reader));
+    std::shared_ptr<::arrow::Table> table;
+    ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(reader->ReadTable(&table));
+
+    std::shared_ptr<::arrow::Schema> schema;
+    ASSERT_OK_NO_THROW(reader->GetSchema(&schema));
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, schema->num_fields());
+    ASSERT_EQ(schema->field(0)->type()->id(), ::arrow::Type::HALF_FLOAT);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, table->num_columns());
+    auto column = table->column(0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(tc.len, column->length());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, column->num_chunks());
+
+    auto chunk = checked_pointer_cast<::arrow::HalfFloatArray>(column->chunk(0));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(chunk->IsNull(0));
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i < tc.len - 1; ++i) {
+      const auto expected = tc.vals[i];
+      const auto actual = Float16::FromBits(chunk->Value(i + 1));
+      if (expected.is_nan()) {
+        // NaN representations aren't guaranteed to be exact on a binary level
+        ASSERT_TRUE(actual.is_nan());
+      } else {
+        ASSERT_EQ(expected.bits(), actual.bits());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 // direct-as-possible translation of
 // pyarrow/tests/test_parquet.py::test_validate_schema_write_table
 TEST(TestArrowWriterAdHoc, SchemaMismatch) {

go/parquet/pqarrow/file_reader_test.go

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/apache/arrow/go/v15/arrow"
 	"github.com/apache/arrow/go/v15/arrow/array"
 	"github.com/apache/arrow/go/v15/arrow/decimal128"
+	"github.com/apache/arrow/go/v15/arrow/float16"
 	"github.com/apache/arrow/go/v15/arrow/memory"
 	"github.com/apache/arrow/go/v15/parquet"
 	"github.com/apache/arrow/go/v15/parquet/file"
@@ -100,6 +101,72 @@ func TestArrowReaderAdHocReadDecimals(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestArrowReaderAdHocReadFloat16s(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		file string
+		len  int
+		vals []float16.Num
+	}{
+		{"float16_nonzeros_and_nans", 8,
+			[]float16.Num{
+				float16.New(1.0),
+				float16.New(-2.0),
+				float16.NaN(),
+				float16.New(0.0),
+				float16.New(-1.0),
+				float16.New(0.0).Negate(),
+				float16.New(2.0),
+			}},
+		{"float16_zeros_and_nans", 3,
+			[]float16.Num{
+				float16.New(0.0),
+				float16.NaN(),
+			}},
+	}
+
+	dataDir := getDataDir()
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.file, func(t *testing.T) {
+			mem := memory.NewCheckedAllocator(memory.DefaultAllocator)
+			defer mem.AssertSize(t, 0)
+
+			filename := filepath.Join(dataDir, tt.file+".parquet")
+			require.FileExists(t, filename)
+
+			rdr, err := file.OpenParquetFile(filename, false, file.WithReadProps(parquet.NewReaderProperties(mem)))
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			defer rdr.Close()
+
+			arrowRdr, err := pqarrow.NewFileReader(rdr, pqarrow.ArrowReadProperties{}, mem)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			tbl, err := arrowRdr.ReadTable(context.Background())
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			defer tbl.Release()
+
+			assert.EqualValues(t, 1, tbl.NumCols())
+			assert.Truef(t, arrow.TypeEqual(tbl.Schema().Field(0).Type, &arrow.Float16Type{}), "expected: %s\ngot: %s", tbl.Schema().Field(0).Type, arrow.Float16Type{})
+
+			valCol := tbl.Column(0)
+			assert.EqualValues(t, tt.len, valCol.Len())
+			assert.Len(t, valCol.Data().Chunks(), 1)
+
+			chunk := valCol.Data().Chunk(0).(*array.Float16)
+			assert.True(t, chunk.IsNull(0))
+			for i := 0; i < tt.len-1; i++ {
+				expected := tt.vals[i]
+				actual := chunk.Value(i + 1)
+				if expected.IsNaN() {
+					// NaN representations aren't guaranteed to be exact on a binary level
+					assert.True(t, actual.IsNaN())
+				} else {
+					assert.Equal(t, expected.Uint16(), actual.Uint16())
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestRecordReaderParallel(t *testing.T) {
 	mem := memory.NewCheckedAllocator(memory.DefaultAllocator)
 	defer mem.AssertSize(t, 0)