python.py

"""Python test discovery, setup and run of test functions."""
import abc
import dataclasses
import enum
import fnmatch
import inspect
import itertools
import os
import sys
import types
import warnings
from collections import Counter
from collections import defaultdict
from functools import partial
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Any
from typing import Callable
from typing import Dict
from typing import final
from typing import Generator
from typing import Iterable
from typing import Iterator
from typing import List
from typing import Literal
from typing import Mapping
from typing import Optional
from typing import Pattern
from typing import Sequence
from typing import Set
from typing import Tuple
from typing import Union

import _pytest
from _pytest import fixtures
from _pytest import nodes
from _pytest._code import filter_traceback
from _pytest._code import getfslineno
from _pytest._code.code import ExceptionInfo
from _pytest._code.code import TerminalRepr
from _pytest._code.code import Traceback
from _pytest._io import TerminalWriter
from _pytest._io.saferepr import saferepr
from _pytest.compat import ascii_escaped
from _pytest.compat import get_default_arg_names
from _pytest.compat import get_real_func
from _pytest.compat import getimfunc
from _pytest.compat import getlocation
from _pytest.compat import is_async_function
from _pytest.compat import is_generator
from _pytest.compat import NOTSET
from _pytest.compat import safe_getattr
from _pytest.compat import safe_isclass
from _pytest.compat import STRING_TYPES
from _pytest.config import Config
from _pytest.config import ExitCode
from _pytest.config import hookimpl
from _pytest.config.argparsing import Parser
from _pytest.deprecated import check_ispytest
from _pytest.fixtures import FixtureDef
from _pytest.fixtures import FixtureRequest
from _pytest.fixtures import FuncFixtureInfo
from _pytest.fixtures import get_scope_node
from _pytest.main import Session
from _pytest.mark import MARK_GEN
from _pytest.mark import ParameterSet
from _pytest.mark.structures import get_unpacked_marks
from _pytest.mark.structures import Mark
from _pytest.mark.structures import MarkDecorator
from _pytest.mark.structures import normalize_mark_list
from _pytest.outcomes import fail
from _pytest.outcomes import skip
from _pytest.pathlib import bestrelpath
from _pytest.pathlib import fnmatch_ex
from _pytest.pathlib import import_path
from _pytest.pathlib import ImportPathMismatchError
from _pytest.pathlib import scandir
from _pytest.scope import _ScopeName
from _pytest.scope import Scope
from _pytest.stash import StashKey
from _pytest.warning_types import PytestCollectionWarning
from _pytest.warning_types import PytestReturnNotNoneWarning
from _pytest.warning_types import PytestUnhandledCoroutineWarning


_PYTEST_DIR = Path(_pytest.__file__).parent


def pytest_addoption(parser: Parser) -> None:
    group = parser.getgroup("general")
    group.addoption(
        "--fixtures",
        "--funcargs",
        action="store_true",
        dest="showfixtures",
        default=False,
        help="Show available fixtures, sorted by plugin appearance "
        "(fixtures with leading '_' are only shown with '-v')",
    )
    group.addoption(
        "--fixtures-per-test",
        action="store_true",
        dest="show_fixtures_per_test",
        default=False,
        help="Show fixtures per test",
    )
    parser.addini(
        "python_files",
        type="args",
        # NOTE: default is also used in AssertionRewritingHook.
        default=["test_*.py", "*_test.py"],
        help="Glob-style file patterns for Python test module discovery",
    )
    parser.addini(
        "python_classes",
        type="args",
        default=["Test"],
        help="Prefixes or glob names for Python test class discovery",
    )
    parser.addini(
        "python_functions",
        type="args",
        default=["test"],
        help="Prefixes or glob names for Python test function and method discovery",
    )
    parser.addini(
        "disable_test_id_escaping_and_forfeit_all_rights_to_community_support",
        type="bool",
        default=False,
        help="Disable string escape non-ASCII characters, might cause unwanted "
        "side effects(use at your own risk)",
    )


def pytest_cmdline_main(config: Config) -> Optional[Union[int, ExitCode]]:
    if config.option.showfixtures:
        showfixtures(config)
        return 0
    if config.option.show_fixtures_per_test:
        show_fixtures_per_test(config)
        return 0
    return None


def pytest_generate_tests(metafunc: "Metafunc") -> None:
    for marker in metafunc.definition.iter_markers(name="parametrize"):
        metafunc.parametrize(*marker.args, **marker.kwargs, _param_mark=marker)


def pytest_configure(config: Config) -> None:
    config.addinivalue_line(
        "markers",
        "parametrize(argnames, argvalues): call a test function multiple "
        "times passing in different arguments in turn. argvalues generally "
        "needs to be a list of values if argnames specifies only one name "
        "or a list of tuples of values if argnames specifies multiple names. "
        "Example: @parametrize('arg1', [1,2]) would lead to two calls of the "
        "decorated test function, one with arg1=1 and another with arg1=2."
        "see https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/how-to/parametrize.html for more info "
        "and examples.",
    )
    config.addinivalue_line(
        "markers",
        "usefixtures(fixturename1, fixturename2, ...): mark tests as needing "
        "all of the specified fixtures. see "
        "https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/explanation/fixtures.html#usefixtures ",
    )


def async_warn_and_skip(nodeid: str) -> None:
    msg = "async def functions are not natively supported and have been skipped.\n"
    msg += (
        "You need to install a suitable plugin for your async framework, for example:\n"
    )
    msg += "  - anyio\n"
    msg += "  - pytest-asyncio\n"
    msg += "  - pytest-tornasync\n"
    msg += "  - pytest-trio\n"
    msg += "  - pytest-twisted"
    warnings.warn(PytestUnhandledCoroutineWarning(msg.format(nodeid)))
    skip(reason="async def function and no async plugin installed (see warnings)")


@hookimpl(trylast=True)
def pytest_pyfunc_call(pyfuncitem: "Function") -> Optional[object]:
    testfunction = pyfuncitem.obj
    if is_async_function(testfunction):
        async_warn_and_skip(pyfuncitem.nodeid)
    funcargs = pyfuncitem.funcargs
    testargs = {arg: funcargs[arg] for arg in pyfuncitem._fixtureinfo.argnames}
    result = testfunction(**testargs)
    if hasattr(result, "__await__") or hasattr(result, "__aiter__"):
        async_warn_and_skip(pyfuncitem.nodeid)
    elif result is not None:
        warnings.warn(
            PytestReturnNotNoneWarning(
                f"Expected None, but {pyfuncitem.nodeid} returned {result!r}, which will be an error in a "
                "future version of pytest.  Did you mean to use `assert` instead of `return`?"
            )
        )
    return True


def pytest_collect_directory(
    path: Path, parent: nodes.Collector
) -> Optional[nodes.Collector]:
    pkginit = path / "__init__.py"
    if pkginit.is_file():
        pkg: Package = Package.from_parent(parent, path=path)
        return pkg
    return None


def pytest_collect_file(file_path: Path, parent: nodes.Collector) -> Optional["Module"]:
    if file_path.suffix == ".py":
        if not parent.session.isinitpath(file_path):
            if not path_matches_patterns(
                file_path, parent.config.getini("python_files")
            ):
                return None
        ihook = parent.session.gethookproxy(file_path)
        module: Module = ihook.pytest_pycollect_makemodule(
            module_path=file_path, parent=parent
        )
        return module
    return None


def path_matches_patterns(path: Path, patterns: Iterable[str]) -> bool:
    """Return whether path matches any of the patterns in the list of globs given."""
    return any(fnmatch_ex(pattern, path) for pattern in patterns)


def pytest_pycollect_makemodule(module_path: Path, parent) -> "Module":
    mod: Module = Module.from_parent(parent, path=module_path)
    return mod


@hookimpl(trylast=True)
def pytest_pycollect_makeitem(
    collector: Union["Module", "Class"], name: str, obj: object
) -> Union[None, nodes.Item, nodes.Collector, List[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]]]:
    assert isinstance(collector, (Class, Module)), type(collector)
    # Nothing was collected elsewhere, let's do it here.
    if safe_isclass(obj):
        if collector.istestclass(obj, name):
            klass: Class = Class.from_parent(collector, name=name, obj=obj)
            return klass
    elif collector.istestfunction(obj, name):
        # mock seems to store unbound methods (issue473), normalize it.
        obj = getattr(obj, "__func__", obj)
        # We need to try and unwrap the function if it's a functools.partial
        # or a functools.wrapped.
        # We mustn't if it's been wrapped with mock.patch (python 2 only).
        if not (inspect.isfunction(obj) or inspect.isfunction(get_real_func(obj))):
            filename, lineno = getfslineno(obj)
            warnings.warn_explicit(
                message=PytestCollectionWarning(
                    "cannot collect %r because it is not a function." % name
                ),
                category=None,
                filename=str(filename),
                lineno=lineno + 1,
            )
        elif getattr(obj, "__test__", True):
            if is_generator(obj):
                res: Function = Function.from_parent(collector, name=name)
                reason = "yield tests were removed in pytest 4.0 - {name} will be ignored".format(
                    name=name
                )
                res.add_marker(MARK_GEN.xfail(run=False, reason=reason))
                res.warn(PytestCollectionWarning(reason))
                return res
            else:
                return list(collector._genfunctions(name, obj))
    return None


class PyobjMixin(nodes.Node):
    """this mix-in inherits from Node to carry over the typing information

    as its intended to always mix in before a node
    its position in the mro is unaffected"""

    _ALLOW_MARKERS = True

    @property
    def module(self):
        """Python module object this node was collected from (can be None)."""
        node = self.getparent(Module)
        return node.obj if node is not None else None

    @property
    def cls(self):
        """Python class object this node was collected from (can be None)."""
        node = self.getparent(Class)
        return node.obj if node is not None else None

    @property
    def instance(self):
        """Python instance object the function is bound to.

        Returns None if not a test method, e.g. for a standalone test function,
        a staticmethod, a class or a module.
        """
        node = self.getparent(Function)
        return getattr(node.obj, "__self__", None) if node is not None else None

    @property
    def obj(self):
        """Underlying Python object."""
        obj = getattr(self, "_obj", None)
        if obj is None:
            self._obj = obj = self._getobj()
            # XXX evil hack
            # used to avoid Function marker duplication
            if self._ALLOW_MARKERS:
                self.own_markers.extend(get_unpacked_marks(self.obj))
                # This assumes that `obj` is called before there is a chance
                # to add custom keys to `self.keywords`, so no fear of overriding.
                self.keywords.update((mark.name, mark) for mark in self.own_markers)
        return obj

    @obj.setter
    def obj(self, value):
        self._obj = value

    def _getobj(self):
        """Get the underlying Python object. May be overwritten by subclasses."""
        # TODO: Improve the type of `parent` such that assert/ignore aren't needed.
        assert self.parent is not None
        obj = self.parent.obj  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
        return getattr(obj, self.name)

    def getmodpath(self, stopatmodule: bool = True, includemodule: bool = False) -> str:
        """Return Python path relative to the containing module."""
        parts = []
        for node in self.iterchain():
            name = node.name
            if isinstance(node, Module):
                name = os.path.splitext(name)[0]
                if stopatmodule:
                    if includemodule:
                        parts.append(name)
                    break
            parts.append(name)
        parts.reverse()
        return ".".join(parts)

    def reportinfo(self) -> Tuple[Union["os.PathLike[str]", str], Optional[int], str]:
        # XXX caching?
        obj = self.obj
        compat_co_firstlineno = getattr(obj, "compat_co_firstlineno", None)
        if isinstance(compat_co_firstlineno, int):
            # nose compatibility
            file_path = sys.modules[obj.__module__].__file__
            assert file_path is not None
            if file_path.endswith(".pyc"):
                file_path = file_path[:-1]
            path: Union["os.PathLike[str]", str] = file_path
            lineno = compat_co_firstlineno
        else:
            path, lineno = getfslineno(obj)
        modpath = self.getmodpath()
        assert isinstance(lineno, int)
        return path, lineno, modpath


# As an optimization, these builtin attribute names are pre-ignored when
# iterating over an object during collection -- the pytest_pycollect_makeitem
# hook is not called for them.
# fmt: off
class _EmptyClass: pass  # noqa: E701
IGNORED_ATTRIBUTES = frozenset.union(  # noqa: E305
    frozenset(),
    # Module.
    dir(types.ModuleType("empty_module")),
    # Some extra module attributes the above doesn't catch.
    {"__builtins__", "__file__", "__cached__"},
    # Class.
    dir(_EmptyClass),
    # Instance.
    dir(_EmptyClass()),
)
del _EmptyClass
# fmt: on


class PyCollector(PyobjMixin, nodes.Collector, abc.ABC):
    def funcnamefilter(self, name: str) -> bool:
        return self._matches_prefix_or_glob_option("python_functions", name)

    def isnosetest(self, obj: object) -> bool:
        """Look for the __test__ attribute, which is applied by the
        @nose.tools.istest decorator.
        """
        # We explicitly check for "is True" here to not mistakenly treat
        # classes with a custom __getattr__ returning something truthy (like a
        # function) as test classes.
        return safe_getattr(obj, "__test__", False) is True

    def classnamefilter(self, name: str) -> bool:
        return self._matches_prefix_or_glob_option("python_classes", name)

    def istestfunction(self, obj: object, name: str) -> bool:
        if self.funcnamefilter(name) or self.isnosetest(obj):
            if isinstance(obj, (staticmethod, classmethod)):
                # staticmethods and classmethods need to be unwrapped.
                obj = safe_getattr(obj, "__func__", False)
            return callable(obj) and fixtures.getfixturemarker(obj) is None
        else:
            return False

    def istestclass(self, obj: object, name: str) -> bool:
        return self.classnamefilter(name) or self.isnosetest(obj)

    def _matches_prefix_or_glob_option(self, option_name: str, name: str) -> bool:
        """Check if the given name matches the prefix or glob-pattern defined
        in ini configuration."""
        for option in self.config.getini(option_name):
            if name.startswith(option):
                return True
            # Check that name looks like a glob-string before calling fnmatch
            # because this is called for every name in each collected module,
            # and fnmatch is somewhat expensive to call.
            elif ("*" in option or "?" in option or "[" in option) and fnmatch.fnmatch(
                name, option
            ):
                return True
        return False

    def collect(self) -> Iterable[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]]:
        if not getattr(self.obj, "__test__", True):
            return []

        # Avoid random getattrs and peek in the __dict__ instead.
        dicts = [getattr(self.obj, "__dict__", {})]
        if isinstance(self.obj, type):
            for basecls in self.obj.__mro__:
                dicts.append(basecls.__dict__)

        # In each class, nodes should be definition ordered.
        # __dict__ is definition ordered.
        seen: Set[str] = set()
        dict_values: List[List[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]]] = []
        ihook = self.ihook
        for dic in dicts:
            values: List[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]] = []
            # Note: seems like the dict can change during iteration -
            # be careful not to remove the list() without consideration.
            for name, obj in list(dic.items()):
                if name in IGNORED_ATTRIBUTES:
                    continue
                if name in seen:
                    continue
                seen.add(name)
                res = ihook.pytest_pycollect_makeitem(
                    collector=self, name=name, obj=obj
                )
                if res is None:
                    continue
                elif isinstance(res, list):
                    values.extend(res)
                else:
                    values.append(res)
            dict_values.append(values)

        # Between classes in the class hierarchy, reverse-MRO order -- nodes
        # inherited from base classes should come before subclasses.
        result = []
        for values in reversed(dict_values):
            result.extend(values)
        return result

    def _genfunctions(self, name: str, funcobj) -> Iterator["Function"]:
        modulecol = self.getparent(Module)
        assert modulecol is not None
        module = modulecol.obj
        clscol = self.getparent(Class)
        cls = clscol and clscol.obj or None

        definition: FunctionDefinition = FunctionDefinition.from_parent(
            self, name=name, callobj=funcobj
        )
        fixtureinfo = definition._fixtureinfo

        # pytest_generate_tests impls call metafunc.parametrize() which fills
        # metafunc._calls, the outcome of the hook.
        metafunc = Metafunc(
            definition=definition,
            fixtureinfo=fixtureinfo,
            config=self.config,
            cls=cls,
            module=module,
            _ispytest=True,
        )
        methods = []
        if hasattr(module, "pytest_generate_tests"):
            methods.append(module.pytest_generate_tests)
        if cls is not None and hasattr(cls, "pytest_generate_tests"):
            methods.append(cls().pytest_generate_tests)
        self.ihook.pytest_generate_tests.call_extra(methods, dict(metafunc=metafunc))

        if not metafunc._calls:
            yield Function.from_parent(self, name=name, fixtureinfo=fixtureinfo)
        else:
            # Direct parametrizations taking place in module/class-specific
            # `metafunc.parametrize` calls may have shadowed some fixtures, so make sure
            # we update what the function really needs a.k.a its fixture closure. Note that
            # direct parametrizations using `@pytest.mark.parametrize` have already been considered
            # into making the closure using `ignore_args` arg to `getfixtureclosure`.
            fixtureinfo.prune_dependency_tree()

            for callspec in metafunc._calls:
                subname = f"{name}[{callspec.id}]"
                yield Function.from_parent(
                    self,
                    name=subname,
                    callspec=callspec,
                    fixtureinfo=fixtureinfo,
                    keywords={callspec.id: True},
                    originalname=name,
                )


def importtestmodule(
    path: Path,
    config: Config,
):
    # We assume we are only called once per module.
    importmode = config.getoption("--import-mode")
    try:
        mod = import_path(path, mode=importmode, root=config.rootpath)
    except SyntaxError as e:
        raise nodes.Collector.CollectError(
            ExceptionInfo.from_current().getrepr(style="short")
        ) from e
    except ImportPathMismatchError as e:
        raise nodes.Collector.CollectError(
            "import file mismatch:\n"
            "imported module %r has this __file__ attribute:\n"
            "  %s\n"
            "which is not the same as the test file we want to collect:\n"
            "  %s\n"
            "HINT: remove __pycache__ / .pyc files and/or use a "
            "unique basename for your test file modules" % e.args
        ) from e
    except ImportError as e:
        exc_info = ExceptionInfo.from_current()
        if config.getoption("verbose") < 2:
            exc_info.traceback = exc_info.traceback.filter(filter_traceback)
        exc_repr = (
            exc_info.getrepr(style="short")
            if exc_info.traceback
            else exc_info.exconly()
        )
        formatted_tb = str(exc_repr)
        raise nodes.Collector.CollectError(
            "ImportError while importing test module '{path}'.\n"
            "Hint: make sure your test modules/packages have valid Python names.\n"
            "Traceback:\n"
            "{traceback}".format(path=path, traceback=formatted_tb)
        ) from e
    except skip.Exception as e:
        if e.allow_module_level:
            raise
        raise nodes.Collector.CollectError(
            "Using pytest.skip outside of a test will skip the entire module. "
            "If that's your intention, pass `allow_module_level=True`. "
            "If you want to skip a specific test or an entire class, "
            "use the @pytest.mark.skip or @pytest.mark.skipif decorators."
        ) from e
    config.pluginmanager.consider_module(mod)
    return mod


class Module(nodes.File, PyCollector):
    """Collector for test classes and functions in a Python module."""

    def _getobj(self):
        return importtestmodule(self.path, self.config)

    def collect(self) -> Iterable[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]]:
        self._register_setup_module_fixture()
        self._register_setup_function_fixture()
        self.session._fixturemanager.parsefactories(self)
        return super().collect()

    def _register_setup_module_fixture(self) -> None:
        """Register an autouse, module-scoped fixture for the collected module object
        that invokes setUpModule/tearDownModule if either or both are available.

        Using a fixture to invoke this methods ensures we play nicely and unsurprisingly with
        other fixtures (#517).
        """
        setup_module = _get_first_non_fixture_func(
            self.obj, ("setUpModule", "setup_module")
        )
        teardown_module = _get_first_non_fixture_func(
            self.obj, ("tearDownModule", "teardown_module")
        )

        if setup_module is None and teardown_module is None:
            return

        def xunit_setup_module_fixture(request) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
            module = request.module
            if setup_module is not None:
                _call_with_optional_argument(setup_module, module)
            yield
            if teardown_module is not None:
                _call_with_optional_argument(teardown_module, module)

        self.session._fixturemanager._register_fixture(
            # Use a unique name to speed up lookup.
            name=f"_xunit_setup_module_fixture_{self.obj.__name__}",
            func=xunit_setup_module_fixture,
            nodeid=self.nodeid,
            scope="module",
            autouse=True,
        )

    def _register_setup_function_fixture(self) -> None:
        """Register an autouse, function-scoped fixture for the collected module object
        that invokes setup_function/teardown_function if either or both are available.

        Using a fixture to invoke this methods ensures we play nicely and unsurprisingly with
        other fixtures (#517).
        """
        setup_function = _get_first_non_fixture_func(self.obj, ("setup_function",))
        teardown_function = _get_first_non_fixture_func(
            self.obj, ("teardown_function",)
        )
        if setup_function is None and teardown_function is None:
            return

        def xunit_setup_function_fixture(request) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
            if request.instance is not None:
                # in this case we are bound to an instance, so we need to let
                # setup_method handle this
                yield
                return
            function = request.function
            if setup_function is not None:
                _call_with_optional_argument(setup_function, function)
            yield
            if teardown_function is not None:
                _call_with_optional_argument(teardown_function, function)

        self.session._fixturemanager._register_fixture(
            # Use a unique name to speed up lookup.
            name=f"_xunit_setup_function_fixture_{self.obj.__name__}",
            func=xunit_setup_function_fixture,
            nodeid=self.nodeid,
            scope="function",
            autouse=True,
        )


class Package(nodes.Directory):
    """Collector for files and directories in a Python packages -- directories
    with an `__init__.py` file.

    .. note::

        Directories without an `__init__.py` file are instead collected by
        :class:`~pytest.Dir` by default. Both are :class:`~pytest.Directory`
        collectors.

    .. versionchanged:: 8.0

        Now inherits from :class:`~pytest.Directory`.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        parent: nodes.Collector,
        # NOTE: following args are unused:
        config=None,
        session=None,
        nodeid=None,
        path: Optional[Path] = None,
    ) -> None:
        # NOTE: Could be just the following, but kept as-is for compat.
        # super().__init__(self, fspath, parent=parent)
        session = parent.session
        super().__init__(
            path=path,
            parent=parent,
            config=config,
            session=session,
            nodeid=nodeid,
        )

    def setup(self) -> None:
        init_mod = importtestmodule(self.path / "__init__.py", self.config)

        # Not using fixtures to call setup_module here because autouse fixtures
        # from packages are not called automatically (#4085).
        setup_module = _get_first_non_fixture_func(
            init_mod, ("setUpModule", "setup_module")
        )
        if setup_module is not None:
            _call_with_optional_argument(setup_module, init_mod)

        teardown_module = _get_first_non_fixture_func(
            init_mod, ("tearDownModule", "teardown_module")
        )
        if teardown_module is not None:
            func = partial(_call_with_optional_argument, teardown_module, init_mod)
            self.addfinalizer(func)

    def collect(self) -> Iterable[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]]:
        # Always collect __init__.py first.
        def sort_key(entry: "os.DirEntry[str]") -> object:
            return (entry.name != "__init__.py", entry.name)

        config = self.config
        col: Optional[nodes.Collector]
        cols: Sequence[nodes.Collector]
        ihook = self.ihook
        for direntry in scandir(self.path, sort_key):
            if direntry.is_dir():
                if direntry.name == "__pycache__":
                    continue
                path = Path(direntry.path)
                if not self.session.isinitpath(path, with_parents=True):
                    if ihook.pytest_ignore_collect(collection_path=path, config=config):
                        continue
                col = ihook.pytest_collect_directory(path=path, parent=self)
                if col is not None:
                    yield col

            elif direntry.is_file():
                path = Path(direntry.path)
                if not self.session.isinitpath(path):
                    if ihook.pytest_ignore_collect(collection_path=path, config=config):
                        continue
                cols = ihook.pytest_collect_file(file_path=path, parent=self)
                yield from cols


def _call_with_optional_argument(func, arg) -> None:
    """Call the given function with the given argument if func accepts one argument, otherwise
    calls func without arguments."""
    arg_count = func.__code__.co_argcount
    if inspect.ismethod(func):
        arg_count -= 1
    if arg_count:
        func(arg)
    else:
        func()


def _get_first_non_fixture_func(obj: object, names: Iterable[str]) -> Optional[object]:
    """Return the attribute from the given object to be used as a setup/teardown
    xunit-style function, but only if not marked as a fixture to avoid calling it twice.
    """
    for name in names:
        meth: Optional[object] = getattr(obj, name, None)
        if meth is not None and fixtures.getfixturemarker(meth) is None:
            return meth
    return None


class Class(PyCollector):
    """Collector for test methods (and nested classes) in a Python class."""

    @classmethod
    def from_parent(cls, parent, *, name, obj=None, **kw):
        """The public constructor."""
        return super().from_parent(name=name, parent=parent, **kw)

    def newinstance(self):
        return self.obj()

    def collect(self) -> Iterable[Union[nodes.Item, nodes.Collector]]:
        if not safe_getattr(self.obj, "__test__", True):
            return []
        if hasinit(self.obj):
            assert self.parent is not None
            self.warn(
                PytestCollectionWarning(
                    "cannot collect test class %r because it has a "
                    "__init__ constructor (from: %s)"
                    % (self.obj.__name__, self.parent.nodeid)
                )
            )
            return []
        elif hasnew(self.obj):
            assert self.parent is not None
            self.warn(
                PytestCollectionWarning(
                    "cannot collect test class %r because it has a "
                    "__new__ constructor (from: %s)"
                    % (self.obj.__name__, self.parent.nodeid)
                )
            )
            return []

        self._register_setup_class_fixture()
        self._register_setup_method_fixture()

        self.session._fixturemanager.parsefactories(self.newinstance(), self.nodeid)

        return super().collect()

    def _register_setup_class_fixture(self) -> None:
        """Register an autouse, class scoped fixture into the collected class object
        that invokes setup_class/teardown_class if either or both are available.

        Using a fixture to invoke this methods ensures we play nicely and unsurprisingly with
        other fixtures (#517).
        """
        setup_class = _get_first_non_fixture_func(self.obj, ("setup_class",))
        teardown_class = _get_first_non_fixture_func(self.obj, ("teardown_class",))
        if setup_class is None and teardown_class is None:
            return

        def xunit_setup_class_fixture(request) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
            cls = request.cls
            if setup_class is not None:
                func = getimfunc(setup_class)
                _call_with_optional_argument(func, cls)
            yield
            if teardown_class is not None:
                func = getimfunc(teardown_class)
                _call_with_optional_argument(func, cls)

        self.session._fixturemanager._register_fixture(
            # Use a unique name to speed up lookup.
            name=f"_xunit_setup_class_fixture_{self.obj.__qualname__}",
            func=xunit_setup_class_fixture,
            nodeid=self.nodeid,
            scope="class",
            autouse=True,
        )

    def _register_setup_method_fixture(self) -> None:
        """Register an autouse, function scoped fixture into the collected class object
        that invokes setup_method/teardown_method if either or both are available.

        Using a fixture to invoke these methods ensures we play nicely and unsurprisingly with
        other fixtures (#517).
        """
        setup_name = "setup_method"
        setup_method = _get_first_non_fixture_func(self.obj, (setup_name,))
        teardown_name = "teardown_method"
        teardown_method = _get_first_non_fixture_func(self.obj, (teardown_name,))
        if setup_method is None and teardown_method is None:
            return

        def xunit_setup_method_fixture(request) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
            instance = request.instance
            method = request.function
            if setup_method is not None:
                func = getattr(instance, setup_name)
                _call_with_optional_argument(func, method)
            yield
            if teardown_method is not None:
                func = getattr(instance, teardown_name)
                _call_with_optional_argument(func, method)

        self.session._fixturemanager._register_fixture(
            # Use a unique name to speed up lookup.
            name=f"_xunit_setup_method_fixture_{self.obj.__qualname__}",
            func=xunit_setup_method_fixture,
            nodeid=self.nodeid,
            scope="function",
            autouse=True,
        )


def hasinit(obj: object) -> bool:
    init: object = getattr(obj, "__init__", None)
    if init:
        return init != object.__init__
    return False


def hasnew(obj: object) -> bool:
    new: object = getattr(obj, "__new__", None)
    if new:
        return new != object.__new__
    return False


@final
@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
class IdMaker:
    """Make IDs for a parametrization."""

    __slots__ = (
        "argnames",
        "parametersets",
        "idfn",
        "ids",
        "config",
        "nodeid",
        "func_name",
    )

    # The argnames of the parametrization.
    argnames: Sequence[str]
    # The ParameterSets of the parametrization.
    parametersets: Sequence[ParameterSet]
    # Optionally, a user-provided callable to make IDs for parameters in a
    # ParameterSet.
    idfn: Optional[Callable[[Any], Optional[object]]]
    # Optionally, explicit IDs for ParameterSets by index.
    ids: Optional[Sequence[Optional[object]]]
    # Optionally, the pytest config.
    # Used for controlling ASCII escaping, and for calling the
    # :hook:`pytest_make_parametrize_id` hook.
    config: Optional[Config]
    # Optionally, the ID of the node being parametrized.
    # Used only for clearer error messages.
    nodeid: Optional[str]
    # Optionally, the ID of the function being parametrized.
    # Used only for clearer error messages.
    func_name: Optional[str]

    def make_unique_parameterset_ids(self) -> List[str]:
        """Make a unique identifier for each ParameterSet, that may be used to
        identify the parametrization in a node ID.

        Format is <prm_1_token>-...-<prm_n_token>[counter], where prm_x_token is
        - user-provided id, if given
        - else an id derived from the value, applicable for certain types
        - else <argname><parameterset index>
        The counter suffix is appended only in case a string wouldn't be unique
        otherwise.
        """
        resolved_ids = list(self._resolve_ids())
        # All IDs must be unique!
        if len(resolved_ids) != len(set(resolved_ids)):
            # Record the number of occurrences of each ID.
            id_counts = Counter(resolved_ids)
            # Map the ID to its next suffix.
            id_suffixes: Dict[str, int] = defaultdict(int)
            # Suffix non-unique IDs to make them unique.
            for index, id in enumerate(resolved_ids):
                if id_counts[id] > 1:
                    suffix = ""
                    if id and id[-1].isdigit():
                        suffix = "_"
                    new_id = f"{id}{suffix}{id_suffixes[id]}"
                    while new_id in set(resolved_ids):
                        id_suffixes[id] += 1
                        new_id = f"{id}{suffix}{id_suffixes[id]}"
                    resolved_ids[index] = new_id
                    id_suffixes[id] += 1
        assert len(resolved_ids) == len(
            set(resolved_ids)
        ), f"Internal error: {resolved_ids=}"
        return resolved_ids

    def _resolve_ids(self) -> Iterable[str]:
        """Resolve IDs for all ParameterSets (may contain duplicates)."""
        for idx, parameterset in enumerate(self.parametersets):
            if parameterset.id is not None:
                # ID provided directly - pytest.param(..., id="...")
                yield parameterset.id
            elif self.ids and idx < len(self.ids) and self.ids[idx] is not None:
                # ID provided in the IDs list - parametrize(..., ids=[...]).
                yield self._idval_from_value_required(self.ids[idx], idx)
            else:
                # ID not provided - generate it.
                yield "-".join(
                    self._idval(val, argname, idx)
                    for val, argname in zip(parameterset.values, self.argnames)
                )

    def _idval(self, val: object, argname: str, idx: int) -> str:
        """Make an ID for a parameter in a ParameterSet."""
        idval = self._idval_from_function(val, argname, idx)
        if idval is not None:
            return idval
        idval = self._idval_from_hook(val, argname)
        if idval is not None:
            return idval
        idval = self._idval_from_value(val)
        if idval is not None:
            return idval
        return self._idval_from_argname(argname, idx)

    def _idval_from_function(
        self, val: object, argname: str, idx: int
    ) -> Optional[str]:
        """Try to make an ID for a parameter in a ParameterSet using the
        user-provided id callable, if given."""
        if self.idfn is None:
            return None
        try:
            id = self.idfn(val)
        except Exception as e:
            prefix = f"{self.nodeid}: " if self.nodeid is not None else ""
            msg = "error raised while trying to determine id of parameter '{}' at position {}"
            msg = prefix + msg.format(argname, idx)
            raise ValueError(msg) from e
        if id is None:
            return None
        return self._idval_from_value(id)

    def _idval_from_hook(self, val: object, argname: str) -> Optional[str]:
        """Try to make an ID for a parameter in a ParameterSet by calling the
        :hook:`pytest_make_parametrize_id` hook."""
        if self.config:
            id: Optional[str] = self.config.hook.pytest_make_parametrize_id(
                config=self.config, val=val, argname=argname
            )
            return id
        return None

    def _idval_from_value(self, val: object) -> Optional[str]:
        """Try to make an ID for a parameter in a ParameterSet from its value,
        if the value type is supported."""
        if isinstance(val, STRING_TYPES):
            return _ascii_escaped_by_config(val, self.config)
        elif val is None or isinstance(val, (float, int, bool, complex)):
            return str(val)
        elif isinstance(val, Pattern):
            return ascii_escaped(val.pattern)
        elif val is NOTSET:
            # Fallback to default. Note that NOTSET is an enum.Enum.
            pass
        elif isinstance(val, enum.Enum):
            return str(val)
        elif isinstance(getattr(val, "__name__", None), str):
            # Name of a class, function, module, etc.
            name: str = getattr(val, "__name__")
            return name
        return None

    def _idval_from_value_required(self, val: object, idx: int) -> str:
        """Like _idval_from_value(), but fails if the type is not supported."""
        id = self._idval_from_value(val)
        if id is not None:
            return id

        # Fail.
        if self.func_name is not None:
            prefix = f"In {self.func_name}: "
        elif self.nodeid is not None:
            prefix = f"In {self.nodeid}: "
        else:
            prefix = ""
        msg = (
            f"{prefix}ids contains unsupported value {saferepr(val)} (type: {type(val)!r}) at index {idx}. "
            "Supported types are: str, bytes, int, float, complex, bool, enum, regex or anything with a __name__."
        )
        fail(msg, pytrace=False)

    @staticmethod
    def _idval_from_argname(argname: str, idx: int) -> str:
        """Make an ID for a parameter in a ParameterSet from the argument name
        and the index of the ParameterSet."""
        return str(argname) + str(idx)


@final
@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
class CallSpec2:
    """A planned parameterized invocation of a test function.

    Calculated during collection for a given test function's Metafunc.
    Once collection is over, each callspec is turned into a single Item
    and stored in item.callspec.
    """

    # arg name -> arg value which will be passed to a fixture or pseudo-fixture
    # of the same name. (indirect or direct parametrization respectively)
    params: Dict[str, object] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)
    # arg name -> arg index.
    indices: Dict[str, int] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)
    # Used for sorting parametrized resources.
    _arg2scope: Mapping[str, Scope] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)
    # Parts which will be added to the item's name in `[..]` separated by "-".
    _idlist: Sequence[str] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=tuple)
    # Marks which will be applied to the item.
    marks: List[Mark] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=list)

    def setmulti(
        self,
        *,
        argnames: Iterable[str],
        valset: Iterable[object],
        id: str,
        marks: Iterable[Union[Mark, MarkDecorator]],
        scope: Scope,
        param_index: int,
    ) -> "CallSpec2":
        params = self.params.copy()
        indices = self.indices.copy()
        arg2scope = dict(self._arg2scope)
        for arg, val in zip(argnames, valset):
            if arg in params:
                raise ValueError(f"duplicate parametrization of {arg!r}")
            params[arg] = val
            indices[arg] = param_index
            arg2scope[arg] = scope
        return CallSpec2(
            params=params,
            indices=indices,
            _arg2scope=arg2scope,
            _idlist=[*self._idlist, id],
            marks=[*self.marks, *normalize_mark_list(marks)],
        )

    def getparam(self, name: str) -> object:
        try:
            return self.params[name]
        except KeyError as e:
            raise ValueError(name) from e

    @property
    def id(self) -> str:
        return "-".join(self._idlist)


def get_direct_param_fixture_func(request: FixtureRequest) -> Any:
    return request.param


# Used for storing pseudo fixturedefs for direct parametrization.
name2pseudofixturedef_key = StashKey[Dict[str, FixtureDef[Any]]]()


@final
class Metafunc:
    """Objects passed to the :hook:`pytest_generate_tests` hook.

    They help to inspect a test function and to generate tests according to
    test configuration or values specified in the class or module where a
    test function is defined.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        definition: "FunctionDefinition",
        fixtureinfo: fixtures.FuncFixtureInfo,
        config: Config,
        cls=None,
        module=None,
        *,
        _ispytest: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        check_ispytest(_ispytest)

        #: Access to the underlying :class:`_pytest.python.FunctionDefinition`.
        self.definition = definition

        #: Access to the :class:`pytest.Config` object for the test session.
        self.config = config

        #: The module object where the test function is defined in.
        self.module = module

        #: Underlying Python test function.
        self.function = definition.obj

        #: Set of fixture names required by the test function.
        self.fixturenames = fixtureinfo.names_closure

        #: Class object where the test function is defined in or ``None``.
        self.cls = cls

        self._arg2fixturedefs = fixtureinfo.name2fixturedefs

        # Result of parametrize().
        self._calls: List[CallSpec2] = []

    def parametrize(
        self,
        argnames: Union[str, Sequence[str]],
        argvalues: Iterable[Union[ParameterSet, Sequence[object], object]],
        indirect: Union[bool, Sequence[str]] = False,
        ids: Optional[
            Union[Iterable[Optional[object]], Callable[[Any], Optional[object]]]
        ] = None,
        scope: Optional[_ScopeName] = None,
        *,
        _param_mark: Optional[Mark] = None,
    ) -> None:
        """Add new invocations to the underlying test function using the list
        of argvalues for the given argnames. Parametrization is performed
        during the collection phase. If you need to setup expensive resources
        see about setting indirect to do it rather than at test setup time.

        Can be called multiple times per test function (but only on different
        argument names), in which case each call parametrizes all previous
        parametrizations, e.g.

        ::

            unparametrized:         t
            parametrize ["x", "y"]: t[x], t[y]
            parametrize [1, 2]:     t[x-1], t[x-2], t[y-1], t[y-2]

        :param argnames:
            A comma-separated string denoting one or more argument names, or
            a list/tuple of argument strings.

        :param argvalues:
            The list of argvalues determines how often a test is invoked with
            different argument values.

            If only one argname was specified argvalues is a list of values.
            If N argnames were specified, argvalues must be a list of
            N-tuples, where each tuple-element specifies a value for its
            respective argname.

        :param indirect:
            A list of arguments' names (subset of argnames) or a boolean.
            If True the list contains all names from the argnames. Each
            argvalue corresponding to an argname in this list will
            be passed as request.param to its respective argname fixture
            function so that it can perform more expensive setups during the
            setup phase of a test rather than at collection time.

        :param ids:
            Sequence of (or generator for) ids for ``argvalues``,
            or a callable to return part of the id for each argvalue.

            With sequences (and generators like ``itertools.count()``) the
            returned ids should be of type ``string``, ``int``, ``float``,
            ``bool``, or ``None``.
            They are mapped to the corresponding index in ``argvalues``.
            ``None`` means to use the auto-generated id.

            If it is a callable it will be called for each entry in
            ``argvalues``, and the return value is used as part of the
            auto-generated id for the whole set (where parts are joined with
            dashes ("-")).
            This is useful to provide more specific ids for certain items, e.g.
            dates.  Returning ``None`` will use an auto-generated id.

            If no ids are provided they will be generated automatically from
            the argvalues.

        :param scope:
            If specified it denotes the scope of the parameters.
            The scope is used for grouping tests by parameter instances.
            It will also override any fixture-function defined scope, allowing
            to set a dynamic scope using test context or configuration.
        """
        argnames, parametersets = ParameterSet._for_parametrize(
            argnames,
            argvalues,
            self.function,
            self.config,
            nodeid=self.definition.nodeid,
        )
        del argvalues

        if "request" in argnames:
            fail(
                "'request' is a reserved name and cannot be used in @pytest.mark.parametrize",
                pytrace=False,
            )

        if scope is not None:
            scope_ = Scope.from_user(
                scope, descr=f"parametrize() call in {self.function.__name__}"
            )
        else:
            scope_ = _find_parametrized_scope(argnames, self._arg2fixturedefs, indirect)

        self._validate_if_using_arg_names(argnames, indirect)

        # Use any already (possibly) generated ids with parametrize Marks.
        if _param_mark and _param_mark._param_ids_from:
            generated_ids = _param_mark._param_ids_from._param_ids_generated
            if generated_ids is not None:
                ids = generated_ids

        ids = self._resolve_parameter_set_ids(
            argnames, ids, parametersets, nodeid=self.definition.nodeid
        )

        # Store used (possibly generated) ids with parametrize Marks.
        if _param_mark and _param_mark._param_ids_from and generated_ids is None:
            object.__setattr__(_param_mark._param_ids_from, "_param_ids_generated", ids)

        # Add funcargs as fixturedefs to fixtureinfo.arg2fixturedefs by registering
        # artificial "pseudo" FixtureDef's so that later at test execution time we can
        # rely on a proper FixtureDef to exist for fixture setup.
        arg2fixturedefs = self._arg2fixturedefs
        node = None
        # If we have a scope that is higher than function, we need
        # to make sure we only ever create an according fixturedef on
        # a per-scope basis. We thus store and cache the fixturedef on the
        # node related to the scope.
        if scope_ is not Scope.Function:
            collector = self.definition.parent
            assert collector is not None
            node = get_scope_node(collector, scope_)
            if node is None:
                # If used class scope and there is no class, use module-level
                # collector (for now).
                if scope_ is Scope.Class:
                    assert isinstance(collector, _pytest.python.Module)
                    node = collector
                # If used package scope and there is no package, use session
                # (for now).
                elif scope_ is Scope.Package:
                    node = collector.session
                else:
                    assert False, f"Unhandled missing scope: {scope}"
        if node is None:
            name2pseudofixturedef = None
        else:
            default: Dict[str, FixtureDef[Any]] = {}
            name2pseudofixturedef = node.stash.setdefault(
                name2pseudofixturedef_key, default
            )
        arg_directness = self._resolve_args_directness(argnames, indirect)
        for argname in argnames:
            if arg_directness[argname] == "indirect":
                continue
            if name2pseudofixturedef is not None and argname in name2pseudofixturedef:
                fixturedef = name2pseudofixturedef[argname]
            else:
                fixturedef = FixtureDef(
                    config=self.config,
                    baseid="",
                    argname=argname,
                    func=get_direct_param_fixture_func,
                    scope=scope_,
                    params=None,
                    unittest=False,
                    ids=None,
                    _ispytest=True,
                )
                if name2pseudofixturedef is not None:
                    name2pseudofixturedef[argname] = fixturedef
            arg2fixturedefs[argname] = [fixturedef]

        # Create the new calls: if we are parametrize() multiple times (by applying the decorator
        # more than once) then we accumulate those calls generating the cartesian product
        # of all calls.
        newcalls = []
        for callspec in self._calls or [CallSpec2()]:
            for param_index, (param_id, param_set) in enumerate(
                zip(ids, parametersets)
            ):
                newcallspec = callspec.setmulti(
                    argnames=argnames,
                    valset=param_set.values,
                    id=param_id,
                    marks=param_set.marks,
                    scope=scope_,
                    param_index=param_index,
                )
                newcalls.append(newcallspec)
        self._calls = newcalls

    def _resolve_parameter_set_ids(
        self,
        argnames: Sequence[str],
        ids: Optional[
            Union[Iterable[Optional[object]], Callable[[Any], Optional[object]]]
        ],
        parametersets: Sequence[ParameterSet],
        nodeid: str,
    ) -> List[str]:
        """Resolve the actual ids for the given parameter sets.

        :param argnames:
            Argument names passed to ``parametrize()``.
        :param ids:
            The `ids` parameter of the ``parametrize()`` call (see docs).
        :param parametersets:
            The parameter sets, each containing a set of values corresponding
            to ``argnames``.
        :param nodeid str:
            The nodeid of the definition item that generated this
            parametrization.
        :returns:
            List with ids for each parameter set given.
        """
        if ids is None:
            idfn = None
            ids_ = None
        elif callable(ids):
            idfn = ids
            ids_ = None
        else:
            idfn = None
            ids_ = self._validate_ids(ids, parametersets, self.function.__name__)
        id_maker = IdMaker(
            argnames,
            parametersets,
            idfn,
            ids_,
            self.config,
            nodeid=nodeid,
            func_name=self.function.__name__,
        )
        return id_maker.make_unique_parameterset_ids()

    def _validate_ids(
        self,
        ids: Iterable[Optional[object]],
        parametersets: Sequence[ParameterSet],
        func_name: str,
    ) -> List[Optional[object]]:
        try:
            num_ids = len(ids)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
        except TypeError:
            try:
                iter(ids)
            except TypeError as e:
                raise TypeError("ids must be a callable or an iterable") from e
            num_ids = len(parametersets)

        # num_ids == 0 is a special case: https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/issues/1849
        if num_ids != len(parametersets) and num_ids != 0:
            msg = "In {}: {} parameter sets specified, with different number of ids: {}"
            fail(msg.format(func_name, len(parametersets), num_ids), pytrace=False)

        return list(itertools.islice(ids, num_ids))

    def _resolve_args_directness(
        self,
        argnames: Sequence[str],
        indirect: Union[bool, Sequence[str]],
    ) -> Dict[str, Literal["indirect", "direct"]]:
        """Resolve if each parametrized argument must be considered an indirect
        parameter to a fixture of the same name, or a direct parameter to the
        parametrized function, based on the ``indirect`` parameter of the
        parametrized() call.

        :param argnames:
            List of argument names passed to ``parametrize()``.
        :param indirect:
            Same as the ``indirect`` parameter of ``parametrize()``.
        :returns
            A dict mapping each arg name to either "indirect" or "direct".
        """
        arg_directness: Dict[str, Literal["indirect", "direct"]]
        if isinstance(indirect, bool):
            arg_directness = dict.fromkeys(
                argnames, "indirect" if indirect else "direct"
            )
        elif isinstance(indirect, Sequence):
            arg_directness = dict.fromkeys(argnames, "direct")
            for arg in indirect:
                if arg not in argnames:
                    fail(
                        "In {}: indirect fixture '{}' doesn't exist".format(
                            self.function.__name__, arg
                        ),
                        pytrace=False,
                    )
                arg_directness[arg] = "indirect"
        else:
            fail(
                "In {func}: expected Sequence or boolean for indirect, got {type}".format(
                    type=type(indirect).__name__, func=self.function.__name__
                ),
                pytrace=False,
            )
        return arg_directness

    def _validate_if_using_arg_names(
        self,
        argnames: Sequence[str],
        indirect: Union[bool, Sequence[str]],
    ) -> None:
        """Check if all argnames are being used, by default values, or directly/indirectly.

        :param List[str] argnames: List of argument names passed to ``parametrize()``.
        :param indirect: Same as the ``indirect`` parameter of ``parametrize()``.
        :raises ValueError: If validation fails.
        """
        default_arg_names = set(get_default_arg_names(self.function))
        func_name = self.function.__name__
        for arg in argnames:
            if arg not in self.fixturenames:
                if arg in default_arg_names:
                    fail(
                        "In {}: function already takes an argument '{}' with a default value".format(
                            func_name, arg
                        ),
                        pytrace=False,
                    )
                else:
                    if isinstance(indirect, Sequence):
                        name = "fixture" if arg in indirect else "argument"
                    else:
                        name = "fixture" if indirect else "argument"
                    fail(
                        f"In {func_name}: function uses no {name} '{arg}'",
                        pytrace=False,
                    )


def _find_parametrized_scope(
    argnames: Sequence[str],
    arg2fixturedefs: Mapping[str, Sequence[fixtures.FixtureDef[object]]],
    indirect: Union[bool, Sequence[str]],
) -> Scope:
    """Find the most appropriate scope for a parametrized call based on its arguments.

    When there's at least one direct argument, always use "function" scope.

    When a test function is parametrized and all its arguments are indirect
    (e.g. fixtures), return the most narrow scope based on the fixtures used.

    Related to issue #1832, based on code posted by @Kingdread.
    """
    if isinstance(indirect, Sequence):
        all_arguments_are_fixtures = len(indirect) == len(argnames)
    else:
        all_arguments_are_fixtures = bool(indirect)

    if all_arguments_are_fixtures:
        fixturedefs = arg2fixturedefs or {}
        used_scopes = [
            fixturedef[-1]._scope
            for name, fixturedef in fixturedefs.items()
            if name in argnames
        ]
        # Takes the most narrow scope from used fixtures.
        return min(used_scopes, default=Scope.Function)

    return Scope.Function


def _ascii_escaped_by_config(val: Union[str, bytes], config: Optional[Config]) -> str:
    if config is None:
        escape_option = False
    else:
        escape_option = config.getini(
            "disable_test_id_escaping_and_forfeit_all_rights_to_community_support"
        )
    # TODO: If escaping is turned off and the user passes bytes,
    #       will return a bytes. For now we ignore this but the
    #       code *probably* doesn't handle this case.
    return val if escape_option else ascii_escaped(val)  # type: ignore


def _pretty_fixture_path(func) -> str:
    cwd = Path.cwd()
    loc = Path(getlocation(func, str(cwd)))
    prefix = Path("...", "_pytest")
    try:
        return str(prefix / loc.relative_to(_PYTEST_DIR))
    except ValueError:
        return bestrelpath(cwd, loc)


def show_fixtures_per_test(config):
    from _pytest.main import wrap_session

    return wrap_session(config, _show_fixtures_per_test)


def _show_fixtures_per_test(config: Config, session: Session) -> None:
    import _pytest.config

    session.perform_collect()
    curdir = Path.cwd()
    tw = _pytest.config.create_terminal_writer(config)
    verbose = config.getvalue("verbose")

    def get_best_relpath(func) -> str:
        loc = getlocation(func, str(curdir))
        return bestrelpath(curdir, Path(loc))

    def write_fixture(fixture_def: fixtures.FixtureDef[object]) -> None:
        argname = fixture_def.argname
        if verbose <= 0 and argname.startswith("_"):
            return
        prettypath = _pretty_fixture_path(fixture_def.func)
        tw.write(f"{argname}", green=True)
        tw.write(f" -- {prettypath}", yellow=True)
        tw.write("\n")
        fixture_doc = inspect.getdoc(fixture_def.func)
        if fixture_doc:
            write_docstring(
                tw, fixture_doc.split("\n\n")[0] if verbose <= 0 else fixture_doc
            )
        else:
            tw.line("    no docstring available", red=True)

    def write_item(item: nodes.Item) -> None:
        # Not all items have _fixtureinfo attribute.
        info: Optional[FuncFixtureInfo] = getattr(item, "_fixtureinfo", None)
        if info is None or not info.name2fixturedefs:
            # This test item does not use any fixtures.
            return
        tw.line()
        tw.sep("-", f"fixtures used by {item.name}")
        # TODO: Fix this type ignore.
        tw.sep("-", f"({get_best_relpath(item.function)})")  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
        # dict key not used in loop but needed for sorting.
        for _, fixturedefs in sorted(info.name2fixturedefs.items()):
            assert fixturedefs is not None
            if not fixturedefs:
                continue
            # Last item is expected to be the one used by the test item.
            write_fixture(fixturedefs[-1])

    for session_item in session.items:
        write_item(session_item)


def showfixtures(config: Config) -> Union[int, ExitCode]:
    from _pytest.main import wrap_session

    return wrap_session(config, _showfixtures_main)


def _showfixtures_main(config: Config, session: Session) -> None:
    import _pytest.config

    session.perform_collect()
    curdir = Path.cwd()
    tw = _pytest.config.create_terminal_writer(config)
    verbose = config.getvalue("verbose")

    fm = session._fixturemanager

    available = []
    seen: Set[Tuple[str, str]] = set()

    for argname, fixturedefs in fm._arg2fixturedefs.items():
        assert fixturedefs is not None
        if not fixturedefs:
            continue
        for fixturedef in fixturedefs:
            loc = getlocation(fixturedef.func, str(curdir))
            if (fixturedef.argname, loc) in seen:
                continue
            seen.add((fixturedef.argname, loc))
            available.append(
                (
                    len(fixturedef.baseid),
                    fixturedef.func.__module__,
                    _pretty_fixture_path(fixturedef.func),
                    fixturedef.argname,
                    fixturedef,
                )
            )

    available.sort()
    currentmodule = None
    for baseid, module, prettypath, argname, fixturedef in available:
        if currentmodule != module:
            if not module.startswith("_pytest."):
                tw.line()
                tw.sep("-", f"fixtures defined from {module}")
                currentmodule = module
        if verbose <= 0 and argname.startswith("_"):
            continue
        tw.write(f"{argname}", green=True)
        if fixturedef.scope != "function":
            tw.write(" [%s scope]" % fixturedef.scope, cyan=True)
        tw.write(f" -- {prettypath}", yellow=True)
        tw.write("\n")
        doc = inspect.getdoc(fixturedef.func)
        if doc:
            write_docstring(tw, doc.split("\n\n")[0] if verbose <= 0 else doc)
        else:
            tw.line("    no docstring available", red=True)
        tw.line()


def write_docstring(tw: TerminalWriter, doc: str, indent: str = "    ") -> None:
    for line in doc.split("\n"):
        tw.line(indent + line)


class Function(PyobjMixin, nodes.Item):
    """Item responsible for setting up and executing a Python test function.

    :param name:
        The full function name, including any decorations like those
        added by parametrization (``my_func[my_param]``).
    :param parent:
        The parent Node.
    :param config:
        The pytest Config object.
    :param callspec:
        If given, this function has been parametrized and the callspec contains
        meta information about the parametrization.
    :param callobj:
        If given, the object which will be called when the Function is invoked,
        otherwise the callobj will be obtained from ``parent`` using ``originalname``.
    :param keywords:
        Keywords bound to the function object for "-k" matching.
    :param session:
        The pytest Session object.
    :param fixtureinfo:
        Fixture information already resolved at this fixture node..
    :param originalname:
        The attribute name to use for accessing the underlying function object.
        Defaults to ``name``. Set this if name is different from the original name,
        for example when it contains decorations like those added by parametrization
        (``my_func[my_param]``).
    """

    # Disable since functions handle it themselves.
    _ALLOW_MARKERS = False

    def __init__(
        self,
        name: str,
        parent,
        config: Optional[Config] = None,
        callspec: Optional[CallSpec2] = None,
        callobj=NOTSET,
        keywords: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
        session: Optional[Session] = None,
        fixtureinfo: Optional[FuncFixtureInfo] = None,
        originalname: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__(name, parent, config=config, session=session)

        if callobj is not NOTSET:
            self.obj = callobj

        #: Original function name, without any decorations (for example
        #: parametrization adds a ``"[...]"`` suffix to function names), used to access
        #: the underlying function object from ``parent`` (in case ``callobj`` is not given
        #: explicitly).
        #:
        #: .. versionadded:: 3.0
        self.originalname = originalname or name

        # Note: when FunctionDefinition is introduced, we should change ``originalname``
        # to a readonly property that returns FunctionDefinition.name.

        self.own_markers.extend(get_unpacked_marks(self.obj))
        if callspec:
            self.callspec = callspec
            self.own_markers.extend(callspec.marks)

        # todo: this is a hell of a hack
        # https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/issues/4569
        # Note: the order of the updates is important here; indicates what
        # takes priority (ctor argument over function attributes over markers).
        # Take own_markers only; NodeKeywords handles parent traversal on its own.
        self.keywords.update((mark.name, mark) for mark in self.own_markers)
        self.keywords.update(self.obj.__dict__)
        if keywords:
            self.keywords.update(keywords)

        if fixtureinfo is None:
            fm = self.session._fixturemanager
            fixtureinfo = fm.getfixtureinfo(self, self.obj, self.cls)
        self._fixtureinfo: FuncFixtureInfo = fixtureinfo
        self.fixturenames = fixtureinfo.names_closure
        self._initrequest()

    @classmethod
    def from_parent(cls, parent, **kw):  # todo: determine sound type limitations
        """The public constructor."""
        return super().from_parent(parent=parent, **kw)

    def _initrequest(self) -> None:
        self.funcargs: Dict[str, object] = {}
        self._request = fixtures.TopRequest(self, _ispytest=True)

    @property
    def function(self):
        """Underlying python 'function' object."""
        return getimfunc(self.obj)

    def _getobj(self):
        assert self.parent is not None
        if isinstance(self.parent, Class):
            # Each Function gets a fresh class instance.
            parent_obj = self.parent.newinstance()
        else:
            parent_obj = self.parent.obj  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
        return getattr(parent_obj, self.originalname)

    @property
    def _pyfuncitem(self):
        """(compatonly) for code expecting pytest-2.2 style request objects."""
        return self

    def runtest(self) -> None:
        """Execute the underlying test function."""
        self.ihook.pytest_pyfunc_call(pyfuncitem=self)

    def setup(self) -> None:
        self._request._fillfixtures()

    def _traceback_filter(self, excinfo: ExceptionInfo[BaseException]) -> Traceback:
        if hasattr(self, "_obj") and not self.config.getoption("fulltrace", False):
            code = _pytest._code.Code.from_function(get_real_func(self.obj))
            path, firstlineno = code.path, code.firstlineno
            traceback = excinfo.traceback
            ntraceback = traceback.cut(path=path, firstlineno=firstlineno)
            if ntraceback == traceback:
                ntraceback = ntraceback.cut(path=path)
                if ntraceback == traceback:
                    ntraceback = ntraceback.filter(filter_traceback)
                    if not ntraceback:
                        ntraceback = traceback
            ntraceback = ntraceback.filter(excinfo)

            # issue364: mark all but first and last frames to
            # only show a single-line message for each frame.
            if self.config.getoption("tbstyle", "auto") == "auto":
                if len(ntraceback) > 2:
                    ntraceback = Traceback(
                        entry
                        if i == 0 or i == len(ntraceback) - 1
                        else entry.with_repr_style("short")
                        for i, entry in enumerate(ntraceback)
                    )

            return ntraceback
        return excinfo.traceback

    # TODO: Type ignored -- breaks Liskov Substitution.
    def repr_failure(  # type: ignore[override]
        self,
        excinfo: ExceptionInfo[BaseException],
    ) -> Union[str, TerminalRepr]:
        style = self.config.getoption("tbstyle", "auto")
        if style == "auto":
            style = "long"
        return self._repr_failure_py(excinfo, style=style)


class FunctionDefinition(Function):
    """This class is a stop gap solution until we evolve to have actual function
    definition nodes and manage to get rid of ``metafunc``."""

    def runtest(self) -> None:
        raise RuntimeError("function definitions are not supposed to be run as tests")

    setup = runtest