Add latest patch syntax

[IvanZosimov]

Description:

• New logic for support A.B.Cxx syntax by dotnet-version input was added;
• Logic for setting dotnet-version output was changed to support new syntax;
• Informational, debug and error messages were updated to start from the capital letters;
• Unit tests were updated;
• e2e tests were updated (added new one for A.B.Cxx);
• e2e tests for installation using global-json-file only was added;
• Documentation was updated;

Related issues:
#339
#382

Check list:

• Mark if documentation changes are required.
• Mark if tests were added or updated to cover the changes.